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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Michigan/Minimalist School |
says that large amount of people do not have meaningful beliefs, citizens operate under double constraint, and there is a high variance around the low mean.
So...they rely on heuristics. |
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Benefits of voting |
1. intensity of party identity 2. degree of interest 3. concern over outcome 4. sense of efficacy 5. sense of duty |
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Costs of voting |
registration education income |
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Three types of voting |
party voting issue voting retrospective |
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Retrospective voting |
Two types: 1. Simple - am I better off financially than four years ago? 2. Mediated - judge the nation's economic performance |
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Dynamic Representation idea |
In order to achieve preferences, politicians act on beliefs about public opinion. If this is true, then politicians adjust their behavior based on beliefs about public opinion. This is how public opinion gets translated into policy, so they should change together, in theory. |
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How does public opinion change?
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When new information modifies beliefs.
Actual change should occur if it is understood, actually received, relevant to evaluating policies, discrepant with past beliefs, and credible. |
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Political information carried in ____________ is never a pure attempt to depict reality |
elite discourse |
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Elite polarization _______________ the public perceptions of parties |
clarifies |
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Electorate is better able to sort into parties as candidates become more polarized, creating the _______________ of polarization. |
appearance |
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How do voters think according to Popkin? |
Low information rationality |
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Components to rational ignorance |
1. The government system is complex 2. parties are inconsistent 3. economic and physical isolation |
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Why do campaigns matter? 3 reasons |
political institutions mobilize support affect political information |
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Main campaign strategy 2 sides |
try to mobilize supporters and persuade voters |
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Bush model and Clinton model |
Bush model: mobilizing partisans Clinton model: persuasion |
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Rules towards campaigns |
who can run, who can vote, money |
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How who can run and who can vote are decided |
Laws, whether it be Constitution, state, national or federal |
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Fundamental principal of spending in campaign |
Contributions are limited, spending is not |
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There is a compelling state __________ to limit corruption in elections |
interest |
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Corporations, member organizations and labor unions must establish separate ____________________ in order to donate |
political action committees |
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hard money vs. soft money |
hard: directly advocate soft: can be spent on ads but not advocacy |
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Citizens United vs. FEC |
Supreme Court ruled the ban on corporations to advocate for/against corporations within a certain time period of elections was unconstitutional ban on speech |
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Components of campaigns that candidates do not control |
legacies of political parties background characteristics of candidates current events economy |
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Component of campaign that candidates do control |
campaign strategy |
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ways that people who participate in campaigns differ from those who don't (3) |
ability, motivation, opportunity |
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definition of a political party by Downs |
a team of men seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election |
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Duverger's law |
parties have an incentive to combine, result of plurality elections |
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five major political parties throughout US history |
Federalist, Democratic-Republican, Democratic, Whig, Republican |
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3 parts of parties according to Aldrich |
party in government party in organization party in electorate |
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National party organization up to 1950s |
leaders of party were important state & local party leaders dominate nominations national party provides services between elections |
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National party organization after 1968 |
McGovern-Fraser Commission: reevaluate how to select presidents new campaign technologies candidates raise money on their own presidents have own method of appointment |
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ways to study and analyze US politics |
concepts and history |
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responsible party government |
party in power should direct government through policy program requires: - party programs to which they commit - internal cohesion - effective opposition party |
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ways to study interest groups (3) |
theoretical, what they actually do, what effect they have |
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interest group |
group formed for the furtherance of the common interests of its members |
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lobbying |
appealing for favorable policies and decisions |
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collective action problem of interest groups |
free riding: there is no way to prevent free riding members from collecting benefits |
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classic solution to alleviate free riding problem |
fee to join |
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large vs. small groups |
easier to organize, more efficient, best and most powerful |
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Insider tactics |
working with government officials directly, being in Washington |
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outsider tactics |
don't require personal contact with govt, demonstrations, protests, interviews with media, grassroots lobbying |
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most common interest group activity |
hearings |
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what do interest groups provide? |
information and money |
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Technical informatoin |
designed to show your preferred position will produce superior results |
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political |
our desired outcome is better for you as a politician |
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traditional story of money in interest groups |
interest groups buy votes
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Hall and Wayman story for interest groups |
interest groups mobilize support |
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why does this happen in committee? |
people there are interested, vote isn't recorded, individual members have more freedom |
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three things to consider when looking at flow of information in news media |
volume, breadth, prominence in daily news |
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news media affects what people think about, not... |
what they necessarily think |
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number one place the US gets its news |
cable news |
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Hamilton says the media has shifted from giving people what they need to know as citizens to... |
what they want to know |
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reasons for this shift |
changes in technology, product definition and differentiation, media ownership |
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strategies that politicians use through the media to try and help themselves |
trial balloon, news leak, press office |
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trial balloon |
gauge public response to policies before committing |
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news leak |
breaking news but no evidence from source |
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press office |
manage press |
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what is newsworthy? according to Baum and Groeling |
new, bad, attack, authority, views of both sides |
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"traditional" news |
politics about abstract concepts, campaigns are about different policies, public policy can fail because some problems are difficult |
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current news |
politics is concrete, elections are horse races, public policy fails because officials are incompetent |
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defamation |
damaging the good reputation of individuals |
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libel |
written speech |
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slander |
spoken speech |
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laws on this matter depend on... |
whether it's public or a private individual |
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public officials enjoy ...when it comes to this problem |
greater access to channels of communication and have a more realistic opportunity to counter false statements |
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For a private citizen, if it's a public concern... |
it's the plaintiff's burden. they have to prove the false statement and that the media was negligent. |
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For a private citizen, if it's a private concern... |
it's the defendant's burden. they have to prove the truth of the statement |
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For a public citizen, it's always... |
plaintiff burden. they have to prove falsity of statement and that it was done in malice |
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prior restraint |
when govt seeks to prevent publication and dissemination of written and recorded speech...presumed unconstitutional |
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main point of Plame affair |
have to balance what private citizens deserve to know versus when the govt deserves to be protected |
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Rational anticipation |
Politicians anticipate what public will do in case of a vote and change behavior accordingly in order to benefit themselves |
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Schudson said that even though today's voters may not be able to recall facts about government and politics... |
they can still vote in a way that reflects reasonable evaluations of candidates and parties |
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Schudson said the ideological ____________________ of today's parties make it harder for people to vote |
inconsistencies |
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We are still able to keep up a political democracy because people use.... |
low information rationality and political heuristics |
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Easy spontaneity |
treating everyone with civility |
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________________ can influence political knowledge |
political change |
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Aldrich said that __________ developed as a means to achieve the goal of election and maintaining majority |
parties |
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Aldrich said parties are the solution to the _______________ ________ problem of supporting candidacies and mobilizing supporters |
collective action |
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Endogenous institutions |
Actors shaped parties, actions of parties affect actors |
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___________________ are the central actors in the political party |
Political leaders |
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Why form parties in the first place? |
they are durable institutions America's plurality/majority rule help politicians win more and more often |
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Main point of Bartels article: Party ______________ was not strong in the 60s and 70s, but partisanship among the electorate has __________ since the 80s and 90s |
identification
increased |
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Partisan voting |
likelihood that you'll vote for your party if you have a party affiliation |
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Fiorina says parties today are far closer to the __________________________ model than those of the 1970s |
responsible party government model |
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Schattschneider said that there is a dominance of this kind of bias in interest groups |
Business and upper class |
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Schattschneider says politics is the ______________ of conflict |
socialization |
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media can settle a particular ___________ that can be referenced and reinforced |
narrative |
