Political Science Chapter 3

Front 1

Define ideology

Back 1

a belief system that society can be improved by following certaindoctrines

Front 2

Define pragmatism

Back 2

Trying to use whatever works, without theory ideology.

Front 3

What is classic laissez-faire liberalism rooted in, and what are some of its characteristics?

Back 3

Rooted in Locke's philosophy:

All people are free and equal

We have inalienable rights that government cannot take away.

Government can be changed if it does not meet people's needs.

Hint 3

Remember Locke's philosophy

Front 4

What are the 3 inalienable rights?

Back 4

Life, liberty, and property.

Front 5

From whom does classic laissez-faire liberalism take elements?

Back 5

John Locke and Adam Smith

Front 6

What did Adam Smith add to classic laissez-faire liberalism?

Back 6

Free competitive markets

Advocated against government interference in markets.

Front 7

What is Mercantillism?

Back 7

A policy of protecting a country's economy with tariffs, monopolies, and subsidies to strategic industries

Front 8

When did classic liberalism split and what did it split into?

Back 8

19th century

Split into modern liberalism and modern conservatism.

Front 9

What does classic conservatism believe that liberalism places too much faith in?

Back 9

Too much faith in Rationalism

Front 10

How does classic conservatism make changes?

Back 10

Slow and incremental changes

Front 11

What does classic conservatism establish its institutions in?

Back 11

Rely on established social institutions and traditions that have developed over a long period...its not perfect, but they work.

Front 12

What does classic conservatism avoid too much of?

Back 12

Too much centralization of government.

Front 13

How should local issues be decided, in terms of classic conservatism?

Back 13

Local issues should be decided locally

Front 14

Classic conservatism is the brainchild of who?

Back 14

Edmund Burke

Front 15

What kind of freedom does modern liberalism want, and what does it mean?

Back 15

Positive freedom...freedom to do things, to have opportunities like the rich have, such as a good health care and education...to have choices.

Front 16

What does modern liberalism rely on and why?

Back 16

Reliance on government to improve life with government action to prevent boom/bust cycles.

Front 17

What does modern liberalism think should be redistributive?

Back 17

Redistributive taxation policies

Front 18

Modern liberalism is the brainchild of who two people?

Back 18

Thomas Green and John Maynard Keynes

Front 19

What are negative freedoms?

Back 19

Freedom from action of others

Front 20

What are positive freedoms?

Back 20

Freedom to do things, to have opportunities like the rich have, such as a good health care and education, to have choices.

Front 21

What does modern conservatism regard in terms of the economy?

Back 21

Emphasizes minimal government interference in economy

Front 22

What does modern conservatism have importance in?

Back 22

Importance for tradition, especially in religion

Front 23

Modern conservatism is the brainchild of who, and who was it furthered by?

Back 23

Barry Goldwater

Ronald Reagan and Margret Thatcher

Front 24

From who does modern conservatism combine its economic and traditionalist ideas?

Back 24

Combines Smith's economic ideas and Burke's traditionalist ideas.

Front 25

What 2 people is pre-Marxist Socialism associated with?

Back 25

Rousseau and Count Saint-Simon

Front 26

What does pre-Marxist Socialism have equality in?

Back 26

Material equality

Front 27

What does the state own in pre-Marxist Socialism and why?

Back 27

The state owns industries important to a country's security and prosperity

Front 28

What is the central planning of what in pre-Marxist Socialism and why?

Back 28

Central planning of the economy is necessary to make it efficient.

Front 29

What are some elements of Marxism (How does it play out)?

Back 29

Capitalist system would be overthrown by the proletariat when their misery becomes too great and they developed class consciousness.

Front 30

What is Leninism? What kind of revolution is it?

Back 30

Revolution led by a vanguard party of professional revolutionaries rather than a spontaneous uprising of the working class

Front 31

How should socialism be spread according to Leninism?

Back 31

Built domestically, then support revolutions worldwide...globalization ~ imperialism

Front 32

What does Maoism focus on during a revolution?

Back 32

Focused on the agrarian countryside, rather than on the industrial urban forces.

Front 33

How does Maoism spread?

Back 33

Military strategies...involved peasants, guerrilla war tactics, focusing on surrounding cities.

Front 34

What struggles under Maoism?

Back 34

Class struggle continues even if the proletariat has already overthrown the bourgeoisie.

Front 35

What is Titoism?

Back 35

Socialist system built in Yugoslavia.

Front 36

What is Titoism focused on?

Back 36

Focused on decentralization, de-bureaucratization, and worker self-management

Front 37

How Titoism differ from other socialist states?

Back 37

Private & foreign enterprises allowed

Materials are bought and products sold competitively on the market.

Front 38

What are the functions and foundations of social democracy?

Back 38

Functions on a foundation of private property and open markets.

Front 39

What does social democracy reject about Marxism?

Back 39

Rejects Marx's belief in the inevitability of revolution

Front 40

Under social democracy, what can be achieved through democratic participation

Back 40

Economic equality can be achieved through democratic participation.

Front 41

Social democracy is the brainchild of who?

Back 41

Eduard Bernstein

Front 42

What 2 elements does social democracy combine?

Back 42

Combines elements of Marxism and laissez-faire capitalism.

Front 43

What is corporatism?

Back 43

Representatives of the labor unions, the owners of industrial assets,and government officials negotiate economic policy and jointly resolve economicproblems.

Front 44

What is nationalism?

Back 44

A group believes that they should not be ruled by an alien people or alien institutions.

Front 45

What do nations rulers justify, under nationalism?

Back 45

Nations rulers must justify their policies in terms ofwelfare, security, and fulfillment of the national aims of the people.

Front 46

Define ethnicity

Back 46

Shared cultural identity...a feeling of unity based on common language, race, religion and culture

Front 47

Define nationality

Back 47

Shared political identity which reflect exclusive rights of citizenship in a political community

Front 48

What is national chauvinism?

Back 48

The belief in the superiority of one nation over another

Front 49

What is civic nationalism?

Back 49

Acceptance and membership of a nation-state in terms of citizenship, political principles and laws...regardless of ethnicity

Front 50

What is ethnonationalism?

Back 50

Acceptance and membership in a nation-state in terms of of ethnic lineage and culture...people who belong to different ethnicity are second-class citizens...most prevalent in the developing world

Front 51

What is fascism?

Back 51

Fascism believes that individuals serve the state

Front 52

What are some characteristics of fascism?

Back 52

State ownership of key industries and national resources

State directs economic development...uses profits to boost military power

Aggressive foreign policy

Front 53

Who implemented fascism?

Back 53

Italy, then Hitler in Germany

Front 54

What does neo-conservatism focus on?

Back 54

Focuses on religion as the source of morality and push for an aggressive foreign policy

Front 55

What does neo-conservatism support and for what uses?

Back 55

Supports using economic and military power to bring free markets, democracy, and human rights to other countries

Front 56

Who, in recent American history, are neo-cons and why?

Back 56

G.W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Donald Rumsfled.

They chose to invade Iraq on the basis of their ideology.

Front 57

What is libertarianism?

Back 57

Ideology that strongly emphasizes individual freedom and extremely limited government

Front 58

Livertarianism is in conflict with which 2 parties?

Back 58

Conservatives and liberals

Front 59

What do liberals want in regards to freedom and economy?

Back 59

Want personal freedom, but heavily regulated economy.

Front 60

What do conservatives want in regards to freedom and economy?

Back 60

Conservatives want constraints on personal freedom, and unrestrained markets.

Front 61

What do Libertarians want in regard to freedom and economy?

Back 61

Want freedom in both ares of personal freedom and unrestrained markets.

Front 62

What does feminism argue?

Back 62

Argues that gender roles prevent women from full attainment socially, politically, and economically

Front 63

What is and why was the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action so important for women's rights?

Back 63

Aims to remove obstacles to women

States that women's equality to men is a fundamental human right.

Front 64

What does environmentalism argue?

Back 64

Argues that we can slow environmental destruction by reducing consumption and by adopting environmentally sustainable economic policies.

Front 65

What does environmentalism propose?

Back 65

Extensive government regulations of the private industries

Front 66

What is Islamism rooted in?

Back 66

Rooted in Salafiyya movement of 13th century, emphasizing religious purity and hostility to nonbelievers.

Front 67

What is the dominant form of Islam?

Back 67

Wahhabism

Front 68

What is Islamism a blend of?

Back 68

A blend of religion, nationalism, and anti-modernity sentiments.

Front 69

What does Islamism advocate?

Back 69

Advocates fusion of religion and politics. AKA theocracy (rule by religious clerics)