Plant Structure And Growth

Front 1

The roots function in a plant

Back 1

1. anchoring the plant
2. absorbing minerals and water
3. storing carbohydrates

Front 2

Roots rely on

Back 2

sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system

Front 3

Shoots rely on

Back 3

water and minerals absorbed by the root system

Front 4

What are the two major groups of angiosperms

Back 4

-Monocots
-Eudicots (often called Dicots)

Front 5

Euidcots/Dicots and gymnosperms have a taproot system, which consists of

Back 5

- a taproot
- lateral roots

Front 6

Taproot

Back 6

the main vertical root

Front 7

lateral roots

Back 7

branch roots, that arise from the taproot

Front 8

Most monocots have a ________ root system

Back 8

fibrous

Front 9

Most monocots have a fibrous root system, which consists of

Back 9

- Adventitious roots that arise from stems or leaves
- Lateral roots that arise from the adventitious roots

Front 10

root hairs

Back 10

In most plants, absorption of water and minerals occurs near the root hairs, where vast numbers of tiny root hairs increase the surface area.

Front 11

A stem is an organ consisting of

Back 11

- an alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached
- Internodes are the stem segments between nodes

Front 12

Axillary bud

Back 12

a structure that has the potentials to form a lateral shoot or branch

Front 13

apical bud

Back 13

terminal bud, is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of young shoot

Front 14

apical dominance

Back 14

the release of inhibitory plant hormones, helps to maintain dormancy in most axillary buds

Front 15

The leaf

Back 15

is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

Front 16

Leaves generally consists of

Back 16

a flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole

Front 17

petiole

Back 17

joins the leaf to a node of the stem

Front 18

Monocots and eudicot leaves differ in the arrangement of veins

Back 18

- most monocots have parallel veins
- most endicots have branching veins

Front 19

the vascular tissue system

Back 19

carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots

Front 20

The two vascular tissues are

Back 20

xylem and phloem

Front 21

Xylem

Back 21

conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

Front 22

Phloem

Back 22

transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed (both up and down the plant)

Front 23

The stele

Back 23

the vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the stele

Front 24

In angiosperms the stele of the root is

Back 24

solid central vascular cylinder

Front 25

Ground tissue system

Back 25

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular

Front 26

Pith

Back 26

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is pith

Front 27

Cortex

Back 27

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue is cortex

Front 28

Ground tissue includes

Back 28

cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support

Front 29

Pith is most evident in

Back 29

non-woody plants like annual plants and grasses

Front 30

Meristems

Back 30

are mitotic and generate new cells for primary and secondary growth

Front 31

Indeterminate growth

Back 31

A plant can grow throughout its life

Front 32

determinate growth

Back 32

some plant organs ceases to grow at a certain size

Front 33

Meristems give rise to

Back 33

- germinal cells
- derivatives

Front 34

Germinal cells

Back 34

or called stem cells, which remain in the meristems and continue dividing

Important: Here "stem cell" refers to a germinal cell capable of undergoing mitosis and can produce new cells.

Front 35

Derivatives

Back 35

which beomc specialized in mature tissues. These are the cells that enter G0

Front 36

Flowering plants can be categorized based on

Back 36

the length of their life cycle

Front 37

Annuals

Back 37

complete their life cycle in a year or less. These must be replanted every year. Corn, soybeans, sunflowers ect

Front 38

Biennials

Back 38

require two growing seasons before flowering. Foxglove, pansy, queen Ann's lace

Front 39

Perennials

Back 39

live for many years. Trees, blueberries, strawberries, roses, ect.

Front 40

A shoot apical meristem is a

Back 40

dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip

Front 41

Leaf primordia

Back 41

Leaves develop from leaf primordia along the sides of the apical meristem

Front 42

Axillary buds develop from

Back 42

meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia

Front 43

Lateral shoots develop from

Back 43

axillary buds on the stem's surface

Front 44

In most eudicots, the vascular tissues consists of

Back 44

vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Front 45

In most monocot stems, the vascular bundles are

Back 45

scattered throughout the ground tissue, rather than forming a ring

Front 46

The epidermis in leaves is interrupted by

Back 46

stomata

Front 47

Stomata

Back 47

allows CO2 and O2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf

Front 48

Guard Cells

Back 48

Regulate its opening and closing

Front 49

Each stomatal pore is flanked by two

Back 49

guard cells

Front 50

Mesophyll

Back 50

The ground tissue in a leaf. is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis

Front 51

What are the layers of the mesophyll of the eudicots

Back 51

- palisade mesophyll
- spongy mesophyll

Front 52

Palisade mesophyll

Back 52

The upper part of the leaf

Front 53

spongy mesophyll

Back 53

the lower part of the leaf, the loose arrangement allows for gas exchange

Front 54

Each vein in a leaf is enclosed by a

Back 54

protective bundle sheath

Front 55

Secondary growth increases the

Back 55

diameter of stems and roots in woody plants

Front 56

Secondary growth occurs

Back 56

in stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in leaves

Front 57

The secondary plant body consists of the tissues produced by the

Back 57

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Front 58

Secondary growth is characteristic of

Back 58

gymnosperms and many eudicots but no monocots

Front 59

Secondary xylem accumulates as wood and consists of

Back 59

tracheids, vessel elements (only in angiosperms), and fibers

Front 60

Early wood, formed in the spring has

Back 60

thin cells walls to maximize water delivery

Front 61

Late wood, formed in the late summer, has

Back 61

thick-walled cells and contributes more to stem support

Front 62

Dendrochronology

Back 62

is the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate change

Front 63

As a tree or woody shrub ages, the older laters of secondary xylem, the heartwood, no longer

Back 63

transport water and minerals

Front 64

The outer layers, known as sapwood, still

Back 64

transport materials through the xylem

Front 65

Older secondary phloem

Back 65

sloughs off and does not accumulate