Physiology Of Phonation - Anatomy & Physiology

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Phonation

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The production or utterance of speech sounds (vibrating vocal folds)

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Coughing

Back 2

A response by the tissue of the respiratory passageway to an irritant or foreign object

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Abdominal Fixation

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The process of capturing air within the thorax to provide the muscles with a structure on which to push or pull

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Dilate

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To open the respiratory tract as widely as possible

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Non-speech Functions

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Coughing, throat-clearing, and abdominal fixation

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Larynx

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The cartilaginous structure housing two bands of tissue called the vocal folds

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Bernoulli Effect

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The decrease in pressure as the velocity of a fluid increases (given constant volume of air or fluid)

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ADDuction

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The act of bringing the vocal folds together for phonation

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ABDuction

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The process of drawing the vocal folds apart to terminate phonation

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Vocal Attck

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Movement of vocal folds into the airstream for the purpose of initiating phonation

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Pre-phonation Phase

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Time which vocal folds move from halfway adducted fixed position then abducted

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To terminate (end) phonation

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Abduct vocal folds

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Attack

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The process of bringing vocal folds together to begin phonation

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Simultaneous Vocal Attack

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Vocal attack in which expiration and vocal fol adduction occur simultaneously

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Breathy Vocal Attack

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Vocal attack in which expiration occurs before the onset of vocal folds adduction

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Glottal Attack

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Vocal attack in which expiration occurs after adduction of the vocal folds

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Aphonia

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Loss of ability to produce voicing for speech (loss of voice)

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Laryngitis

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Inflamation of the larynx

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Three dimensions the arytenoids are capable of moving in

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Rotating, Rocking and Gliding

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Mode of Vibration

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Refers to the pattern of activity that the vocal folds undergo during a cycle of vibration

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Cycle

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Moving from one point in the vibratory pattern to the same point again

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Vocal Registers

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Number of modes that have been differentiated

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Modal Register

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Refers to the patteron of phonation used in daily conversations

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Vertical Mode

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Vocal folds open from inferior to superior and also close from inferior to superior

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Vocal Fundamenal Frequency

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One primary frequency of vibration

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Glottal Fry

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Extremly low pitch; rough sounding; crackly "popcorn" quality of this voice

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Falsetto

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Highest register of phonation; vocal folds lengthen and become extremely thin; they make contact briefly; high pitched vocal production

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Pressed Phonation

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Medial compression is greatly increased; increased in the strident or harsh quality; an increase in abuse to the voice

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Breathy Phonation

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Vocal folds are inadequatly approximated so that the vibrating margins permit excessive airflow between them when in closed phase

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Whispering

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Not a phonatary mode; no voicing occurs; they do not virbate in the vocal folds; vocal fodls must be paritally adducted and tensed to develop turbulence in the airstream

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Sound

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The movement of the vocal folds in air producing an audible disturbance in the medium of air

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Intensity (Vocal Intensity)

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Refers to the physical measure pf power or pressure of an acoustic signal mesaured in decibles (dB); a direct function of the amount of pressure exerted by the sound wave

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Intonation

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Changes in pitch of speech

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Pitch

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The psychological correlate of frequency of frequency of vibration

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Frequency

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Number of cycles of vibration per second

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Optimal Pitch

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Refers to the pitch of vocal fold vibration that is optimal or most approriate for an individual

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Habitual Pitch

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Refers to the frequency of vibration of vocal folds that is habitually used during speech

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Average Fundamental Frequency

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Reflects the frequency of vibration of sustained phonation (e.g. conversational speech)

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Pitch Range

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Refers to the range of fundamental frequency for an individual and is calculated as the difference between the higest and lowest frequencies

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Relaxing Vocal Folds

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Shortening vocal folds; moving the cricoid and thyroid closer together in front (by contraction of the thyromuscularis)

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Loudness

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The psychological correlate of intensity; how we perceive power or pressure differences

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Opening Stage

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Vocal folds are opening up

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Closing Stage

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Vocal folds are returning to the point of appoximation

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Closed Stage

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No air escaping between the vocal folds

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Where vocal folds are spending 50% of their time

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Opening phase

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Where vocal folds are spending 37% of their time

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Closing phase

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Where vocal folds are spending 13% of their time

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Closed phase

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Intensity & frequency are controlled how?

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Independently

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Frequency Pertubation (Vocal Jitter)

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Cycle by cycle variation in fundamental frequency of vibration

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Shimmer

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A frequent back and forth change in amplitude (from soft to louder) in the voice

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Neuromotor dysfunction

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Neurological conditions that affect motor function

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Maximum Phonation Time

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Refers to the duration of phonation an individual is capable of sustaining

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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Motor nerve damage; progessive; jitter and shimmer is higher in females; degeneration of speech muslces

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Parkinson's Disease

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Reduction in dopamine; suffer from voice difficulty; pitch reduction, hoarseness, reduction in loudness; FCT (fetal stem cell transplant) which does not improce jutter/shimmer reduction; high jitter and high fundamental frequency; decresae in phonation range

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Endotracheal Intubation

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Temporary or permanent laryngeal damage; severe aphonia; jitter and shimmer increase

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Laryngeal Cancer

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Affects the larynx; chemotherapy reduces the jitter level; reduction of tumor will reflect vocal stabilty

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Stuttering Difluency

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Jitter and shimmer; used for differentiation; could distinguish at risk vs. normal disfluency; high shimmer values

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Resonation

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Modifying vocal tract by force if vibratiobs as the tone passes through the cavitites of the vocal tract; determines sounds of vowels (mouth, pharynx, and nasal catvitiy)

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Sound-Filter Theory

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Sound generated by larynx (2-source filter: vocal chords vbrating & vocal tract

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Monopitch

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Unvarying vocal pitch

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Monoloud Voice

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Unvarying vocal loudnes

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Mobile Articulators

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Tongue (largest articulator), mandible (lower jaw; 2nd largest articulator), velum (soft palate- distinguish nasal sound, lips (produces bilabials- from non-nasal sounds), cheeks (resonance of oral cavity), larynx, pharynx and hyoid bone

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Non-mobile Articulators

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Alveolar ridge (upper jaw), hard palate (behind alveolar ridge) and teeth