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39 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What cranial nerves are key in the phonation process?
Cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)
Describe the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation.
States that the vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds. The air flowing out of the lungs is temporarily stopped by the closed vocal folds. This builds up subglottal air pressure, which blows the vocal folds apart and sets them into vibration.
What is the Bernoulli effect?
The "sucking" motion of the vocal folds toward one another caused by the increased speed of air passing between the vocal folds.
What does the source-filter theory explain?
Explains how speech sounds are ultimately produced through modification of the oral cavity and adjacent structures.
What are the cranial nerves involved in articulation?
Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve), VII (facial nerve), IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), X (vagus nerve), XI (spinal accessory nerve), XII (hypoglossal nerve).
Describe the brainstem
It connects the spinal cord with the brain via the diencephalon and is composed of the midbrain, pons and medulla.
What does the cerebellum do?
It helps coordinate and regulate neural impulses going to and from the brain. It regulates equilibirum, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements. An intact cerebellum is critical to speech production and people with cerebellar damage may show ataxia and dysarthria.
What are the four lobes of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex)?
Occipital, frontal, parietal and temporal.
Describe the occipital lobe.
Primarily concerned with vision.
Describe the frontal lobe.
It contains motor areas, such as Broca's area, that are critical to speech production.
Describe the parietal lobe.
It integrates sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch, contains the angular gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus, which are critical to speech.
Describe the temporal lobe.
It contains the key structures of the primary auditory cortex, the auditory association area, and Wernicke's area.
What are the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems involved with?
Motor movement
Describe the pyramidal system.
It consists of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts and is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary movements of muscles, including speech muscles.
Describe the extrapyramidal system.
It is a more indirect activation system, which helps maintain posture and tone as well as regulating movement.
What are the key anatomical structures involved in respiration?
Lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, rib cage, and muscles of inspiration and expiration.
Diaphragm
The thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax.
What cranial nerves innervate most pharyngeal muscles?
Cranial nerves X and XI
The primary muscle of the lips
orbicularis oris
The neurons that transmit information away from the brain
Efferent neurons
The corpus striatum is composed of what three nuclear masses?
globus pallidus, caudate nucleus and putamen
The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the...
corpus collosum and basal ganglia
Describe the aryepiglottic folds
A ring of muscles that extends from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.
What cranial nerve innervates the larynx and also innervates the levator veli palatini, palatoglossus and palatophayngeus muscles?
Cranial nerve X (Vagus)
What muscles contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum?
palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, and levator veli palatini
What muscle is most involved when someone is producing a voiced and voiceless /th/?
genioglossus
What connects the cerebral hemispheres?
commissural fibers
What is the reticular activating system?
The central nervous system's primary mechanism of attention, alertness, and consciousness, which is also related to sleep-wake cycles.
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
On the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe.
Describe Wernicke's area
Located in the temporal lobe and is critical to the comprehension of spoken language.
Where is Broca's area?
Connected to Wernicke's area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasiculus.
Describe the pyramidal system.
The direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement (including speech). It is composed of the corticobulbar and the corticospinal tracts.
Describe the composition of the meninges of the brain.
dura mater, pia mater and the arachnoid.
A client exhibits weakness, atrophy, and fasiculations of the right side of the tongue and lower face. The client also has right vocal fold weakness and nasal regurgitation of fluid when swallowing. These problems are the result of a single tumor of the nervous system. The tumor is most likely located in which part of the nervous system?
Brainstem
Nonfluent speech, reduced phonemic repertoire, absence of function words, and overuse of content vocabulary are characteristic of the verbal ability of a person who has had damage to which parts of the brain?
Inferior frontal gyrus
Left-side neglect, anosognosia (denial of impairment), visuospatial problems, including prosopagnosia (difficulty recognizing familiar faces). Good auditory comprehension and repetition skills but difficulty with topic maintenance and turn taking.
Cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with right hemisphere damage.
Laborious, halting, telegraphic utterances are typical of patients with which type of aphasia?
Transcortical motor aphasia
History of irregular substitutions and additions of consonants, repeated attempts to say words correctly and more errors on longer and less familiar words. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Apraxia of speech
Describe Wernicke's aphasia.
Aphasia characterized by fluent verbal output but difficulty understanding spoken and written language.