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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Light sensing neurons become what?
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Hyperpolarized
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Sense receptors for smell are neurons or are not neurons?
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Are neurons
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Sense receptors for taste are neurons or are not neurons?
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Are not neursons
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What kind of receptors are concentrated around hair follicles and in the papillary layer of the skin?
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Touch and pressure
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What kind of receptors lie near the skin surface?
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Cold receptors
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What kind of receptors lie deep in the skin?
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Heat receptors
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What kind of receptors are located in the skin, muscles, tendons and joints?
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Pain receptors
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What kind of receptors are known as transducers that convert energy in the environnment into action potentials in the neurons?
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Sensory receptors
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Pacinian corpuscles detect---
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vibration
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Ruffini's corpuscles detect---
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pressure
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Meissner's corpuscles detect ---
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light touch
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Merkel's disc detect ---
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touch and pressure
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Thermoreceptors detect---
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temperature
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What is the term used when sensory receptors adapt partially or completely to their stimuli over a perior of time?
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Adaptation
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The function of a muscles is to---
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contract
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What are the 3 types of muscles in the body?
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Voluntary, involuntary and cardiac
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This muscles makes up the largest % of body mass
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Voluntary
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This muscle is inside the organs and is controlled by audonomic nerous system and you won't see striations under the microscope
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Involuntary
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This muscles has striations and is not as well defined as skeleton muscle
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Cardiac
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What are some other names for Involuntary muscles?
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Smooth or visceral
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What part of a nerve cell is called a fiber?
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A long axon
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Stimulation of a muscle cell is induced by what?
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A nerve impulse
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End of nerve that stimulates the muscle
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Motor end plate
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A motor end plate is located near the --- of a muscle which means the action potential moves in --- directions
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middle
two |
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Nerve to muscle synapse between motor nerve and muscle
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Neuromuscular junction
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At the neuromuscular junction the --- release a --- that diffuses across the synapse and attacheds to receptor on the -------
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axon terminal
neurotranmitter motor end plate |
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What induces muscle contraction?
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A depolarization wave
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What breaks down the neurotransmitter so that there is no sustained contraction?
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An enzyme
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How many microfibils can each muscle cell contain?
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100,000s
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What is the name for the series of interlocking protein strands found in each myofibril?
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Actin and myosin
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Muscle cell membrane (outer membrane) that takes action potential to the T-Tubules.
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Sarcolemma
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Tubular extensions from sarcolemma that carries depolarization to the cell's interior cytoplasm
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T Tubles
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Term for muscle cell cytoplasm
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Sarcoplasm
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Endoplasmic reticulum like bag that contains calciium ions
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Skeletal cells that have cardiac muscle and smooth cells have 1 multiple nucleii
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Nucleus
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Individual, functional until of a muscle- the area that is getting smaller (compared to a collapsible room) - also known as the functional unit of a muscle
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Sarcomere
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Acts like the 2 moveable walls of the sarcomere
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Z disc
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Muscle filaments attached to the Z disc - proteins
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Actin
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Not attached to and moves the actin
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Myosin
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Extension off myosin that attached to actin and moves it
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Cross bridges
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---- latch on to the actin at specific binding sigths
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Cross bridges
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2 proteins that help regulated the cross bridge / actin connection
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Tropomyosin and troponin
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In the relaxed muscles, this covers the binding site (like the pot holder)
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Tropomyosin
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A prtein that holds tropomyosin in place (like the hand holding it)
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Troponin
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When an action potential is generated in the muscle fiber, --- are released from the ----- and interact with the troponin
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Ca ions
Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Relaxation of a muscle fiber takes place when the --- are returned to the SR during ----
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Ca ions
repolarization |
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A single depolarization/repolarization cyccle is called a ---
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twitch
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At room temp, the body stiffens, contracting of muscles after death - lasts for 24 hours
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Rigor mortis
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The sustained contraction of muscle after death starts when the ---- starts to break down and --- are released.
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca ions |
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What 5 things are seen under a microscope when a striated muscle is looked at?
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Z line
A band H band M line I band |
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Represents where the walls of sarcomere can see the Z discs under a microscope
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Z line
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Beginning and end of the total myocin stretch - where you can see all of the I band
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A band
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The inner part of a band w/no action , where you just see myocin
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H band
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The dead center portion of sarcomere - the connection that holds myocin together
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M line
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Area around Z disc where actin is the only item present
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I band
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1 nerve fiber and all the muscle cells that it stimulates ( a few to 100)
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Motor unit
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A muscle cell will contract competely or not at all
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All or nothing rule
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All muscles at all times will have some degree of stimulation and in a slight state of contraction - normal state of a muscle
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Muscle tone
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A phosphate plus a high energy bond plus a molecule of creatine
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Phosphocreatine
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Sustained energy comes from the breakdown of ---
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Glycogen
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What two things burn it's glucose in the presence of oxygen?
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Aeorobic metabolism and pyruvic acid
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Anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid cause you to ---
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breath hard
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What type of muscle has a modified striated appearance?
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Cardiac muscle
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Each cardiac muscle fiber has only --- nucleus while striated muscle has ---
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one nucleus
a number of nuclei |
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--- cells are interconnected so that only 1 muscle cell needs to be depolarized in order for all the --- muscles to be depolarized
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Cardiac
cardia |
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--- is in contact with other muscles, synapse or connecting between cardiac cells that allow depolarization to travel from cell to cell
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Intercalated discs
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There are more mitochondria and muscles cells and blood supply in a cardiac or a skeletal muscle?
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Cardiac
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Cardiac or skeletal muscle? contractions last longer - anaerobic only
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Cardiac
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Cardiac or skeletal muscle? Can't work under anaerobic conditions
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Cardiac
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Spindle shaped, tapered ends and have only 1 nucleus
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Smooth muscles
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Does not have the more complicated striations of skeletal and cardiac muscles because they are not organized into sarcomeres
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Smooth muscles
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Counterparts of the Z line in skeletal and cardiac muscle - have to pull on the dense bodies
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Intermediate filaments
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Smooth muscle comes in two forms
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Visceral and multiunit
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Forms a continuous interconnected network of muscle fibers that function as a single unit
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Visceral
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Type of arrangement that is found in blood vessels, GI tract, uterus
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Visceral muscles
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Individual muscle fibers - each separate muscle fiber is controlled by separate motor neurons
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Multiunit smooth muscle
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These types of muscles contract and relax more slowly, require less energy and receive nerve impulse from the ANS and not under voluntary control
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Smooth muscles
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Composed of specialized connective tissue that contains a collagenous mix of calcium and small amounts of other minerals
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Bone
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Bone calcium and strength stays stronger regardless of age if you do what?
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Stay active
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Cell that makes bone
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Osteblast
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Cell that resorbs bone
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Osteoclast
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Cells that maintain bone
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Osteocyte
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Starts out as membrane to cartillage and than to bone - makes up most of the bones in the body
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Enchondral bone formation
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1st place in bone that is still cartillage that turns to bone
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Center of ossification
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Is growing in length - growth cartillage between shaft and epidysis
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Epiphysial plate
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When everything has turned to bone
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Line in long bone
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Found in most long bones
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Enchondral bone formation
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Found in skull and clavicles - goes from membrane to bone - allows bone to bend during birth
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Intramembranous bone formation
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Areas where bone is still membrane
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Soft spot in the head
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Two sensory systems involved in proprioception
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Golgi tendon and muscle spindles
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Tells how much pull or stress a muscle is putting on a tendon
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Golgi tendon organs located in juction of a tendon with a muscle
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Inside muscle tells brain how far muscle has been stretched out and how quickly
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Muscle spindles in the belly of skeletal muscle
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Tube system to the lungs
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Respiratory passages
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Upper part of the airways
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Nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
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Lower part of the airways
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trachea, bronci and bronchials
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Movement through respiratory passages to and from the lung into the lungs
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Ventilation
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Actual movement of oxygen in to blood - carbon dioxide out to the chest cavity
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Gas exchange
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Where does gas exchange take place?
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In the alveoli
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Substance that reduces surface tension on water molecules in alveoli - allowing them to expand fully
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Surfactant
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Intrapulmonary pressure is
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pressure inside the lungs
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Intrapleural pressure is
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Pressure inside the pleural sac
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The pleural space around the lungs has a pressure slightly less than
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atmospheric pressure
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We breathe in by ...
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contracting our diaphram
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Exhaling is what kind of an action
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totally passive
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What organs are elastic in nature?
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lungs and thorax
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Medical term for distensibility of the lungs
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Compliance
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