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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What division of the nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord?
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CNS
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What division of the nervous system contains the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia?
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PNS
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What are the main functions of the nervous system?
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Detect and transmit info
Analyze info Make decision Execute response |
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Sensory and motor integration occurs in the ____.
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CNS
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Sensory = ____
Motor = ____ |
Afferent
Efferent |
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What are the two types of nervous tissue cells?
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neurons
glial cells |
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What three things can neurons synapse with?
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neurons
muscle glands |
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In the CNS, cell body clusters are called ____.
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nuclei
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In the PNS, cell body clusters are called ____.
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ganglia
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Name key points of the Neuron Doctrine.
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brain made of INDIVIDUAL UNITS (neurons)
neurons connected via SYNAPSES dendrites and axons conduct ELECTRICAL SIGNALS DYNAMIC POLARIZATION |
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Schwann cells produce myelin in the ____.
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PNS
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Which glial cell is necessary for the blood brain barrier?
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astrocytes
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Which glial cell initiates an immune response in the brain?
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microglia
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Which glial cells are ciliated?
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ependymal cells
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Which glial cells line the cavities of the CNS?
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ependymal cells
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Which glial cells produce myelin in the CNS?
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oligodendrites
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What does the BBB do?
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protect against infection
protect against autoimmune responses protect against cerebral edema |
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Which cells make up the BBB, what are a coulple key features?
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Endothelial cells
tight junctions and low permeability |
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Hydrophilics ____ get through the BBB?
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can not
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Grey matter is considered the "___" part of neurons?
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thinking
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Which matter are neuron cell bodies located, and what is this the site of?
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grey
neuronal integration |
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Which matter are neuron axons located, and what are they involved in?
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white
rapid transmission |
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What are the bundles of axons in the CNS called?
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tracts
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____ are in the CNS, while ____ are in the PNS.
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tracts
nerves |
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Dendrites are located in ____ matter.
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grey
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In the spinal cord, what does the dorsal half of grey matter contain?
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interneurons
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In the spinal cord, what does the ventral half of grey matter contain?
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motor neurons
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In brain white matter, the horizontal fibers are ___ and ___, while the vertical fibers are called ____.
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commissural
association projection |
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____ fibers connect the left and right hemespheres.
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commissural
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____ fibers are intrahemisphere fibers.
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association
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____ fibers connect the brain to the spinal cord.
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projection
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What is the largest set of commissural fibers?
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corpus callosum
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Ascending tracts carry ____ info from the ____to the ____.
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sensory
spinal cord brain |
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Descending tracts carry ____ info from the ____ to the ____.
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motor
brain spinal cord |
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What are the two components of the motor division?
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Somatic motor
Visceral/autonomic motor |
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The dorsal root ganglia is part of the ____ pathway.
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sensory/afferent
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Which root contains sensory fibers?
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dorsal
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Which root contains motor fibers?
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ventral
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Where are the cell bodies of sensory fibers located?
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dorsal root ganglia
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Where are the cell bodies of motor fibers located?
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grey matter of spinal cord
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Which cell bodies are located outside the CNS?
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sensory/afferent
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Where are interneurons located?
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grey matter of spinal cord
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What makes up 99% of all neurons?
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interneurons
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What do interneurons do in grey matter? In white matter?
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grey-
process sensory info direct info to specific region of CNS initiate motor response white- via axons, transmit sensory and motor info from one region of CNS to another |
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What are the 5 components of a reflex arc?
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receptor
sensory neuron integration center (interneuron) motor neuron effector |
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Whats the difference between a visceral and somatic reflex arc?
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visceral are involuntary - smooth/cardiac muscle, glands
somatic are voluntary - skeletal muscle |
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What's the difference between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs? Give and example of each.
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mono - no interneuron between sensory and motor neurons, kneejerk reflex
poly - contains an interneuron bwetween the two, pupil reflex |
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Visceral sensory is information coming from where?
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internal organs
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Somatic sensory is info coming from where?
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touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, pain
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What are the two main types of afferent nerve fibers and how many pairs of each are there?
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cranial nerves 12
spinal nerves 31 |
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Which cranial nerve inervates internal organs like the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and larynx?
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vagus nerve
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How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
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8
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How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?
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12
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How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?
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5
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How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?
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5
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How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there?
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1
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What is a dermatome?
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area of skin innervated by the sensory axons of the nerve
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What is a myotome?
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collection of muscle fibers innervated by the motor axon of each nerve
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Gneerally, how many neurons are there in an afferent pathway?
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3
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Which neuron in an afferent pathway crosses the midline and where does this happen?
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2
either in the spinal cord or medulla depending on the sense |
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What is an example of information we do not percieve, and where is this information integrated?
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blood pressure
below the cerebral cortex (grey matter) |
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Where is percieved information integrated?
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in the cerebral cortex (grey matter)
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List the four lobes and their primary function.
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Frontal - Motor Cortex
Parietal - Sensory Cortex Occipital - Visual Cortex Temporal - Auditory Cortex |
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What is the term for mapping of the body on the cerebral cortex?
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Somatotopy
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What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?
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smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
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The autonomic nervous system regulates ____ functions?
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visceral
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Whats the difference in number of output neurons between somatic and autonomic motor systems?
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Somatic - one motor neuron from CNS to effector
Autonomic - chain of two motor neurons from CNS to effector |
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Which of the two motor pathways has slower conduction and why?
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autonomic
less or no myelinated axons |
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Which neurons in the autonomic nervous system are not myelinated?
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postganglionic neurons
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The autonomic ganglion can be either ____ or ____.
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sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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Why does referred pain occur?
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because the motor neuron and autonomic neuron may share the same afferent path as each other, the visceral pain may be intrepted by the brain as somatic pain
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated during exercise, excitement, or emergencies?
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symathetic
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Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are ____ than parasympathetic.
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longer
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Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are ____ than sympathetic.
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shorter
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Sympathetic axons have ____ branches.
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many
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Parasympathetic axons have ____ branches.
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few
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Which preganglionic axon releases acetylcholine?
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both sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Which postganglionic axon releases norepinephrine?
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sympathetic
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Which postganglionic axon releases acetylcholine?
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parasympathetic
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Where do preganglionic neurons of the symathetic division originate?
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thoracic and lumbar
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Where do preganglionic neurons of the parasymathetic division originate?
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brainstem and sacral
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Where are ganglia of the symathetic division found closer to?
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spinal cord
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Where are ganglia of the parasymathetic division found closer to?
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target organ
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Adrenergic neurons release ____ or ____.
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epinephrine
norepinephrine |
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What are the common adrenergic receptor sub-types?
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alpha 1 and 2
beta 1, 2, and 3 |
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Where is the alpha 1 adrenergic receptor sub-type found?
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most vascular smooth muscle
pupils |
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Where is the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor sub-type found?
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CNS
platelets autoreceptors some vascular smooth muscle adipose tissue |
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Where is the beta 1 adrenergic receptor sub-type found?
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CNS
cardiac muscle kidney |
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Where is the beta 2 adrenergic receptor sub-type found?
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some blood vessels
respiratory tract uterus |
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Where is the beta 3 adrenergic receptor sub-type found?
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adipose tissue
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What are the two parts of the adrenal glands, and which is stimulated during sympathetic activation?
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cortex
medulla adrenal medulla |
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What are the modified postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla called and what do they produce and in about what percentages?
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chromaffin cells
epinephrine ~80% norepinephrine ~20% dopamine ~1% |
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What is the main epinephrine producer?
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adrenal medulla
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What are the listed effectors that receive only sympathetic innervation?
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adrenal medulla
arrector pili muscles sweat glands blood vessels |
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What reduces blood flow to the skin in favor of skeletal and cardiac muscle?
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sympathetic stimulation
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An increased firing frequency of the vasomotor tone results in ____.
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vasoconstriction
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A decreased firing frequency of the vasomotor tone results in ____.
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vasodilation
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What controls blood pressure and keeps blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction?
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sympathetic division
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What are the sympathetic neurons called that release ACh and not NE at the neuroeffector junction?
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sympathetic cholinergic neurons
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What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
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nicotinic
muscarinic |
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All autonomic preganglionic neurons release ____ onto ____ receptors.
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ACh
cholinergic nicotinic |
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Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ____ onto ____ receptors.
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NE
adrenergic receptors |
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Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete ____ onto ____ receptors.
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ACh
cholinergic muscarinic |
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Nicotinic receptors are ____.
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ionotropic
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Muscarinic receptors are ____.
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metabotropic
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