Physiology: Autonomic Nervous System

Front 1

the human nervous system consists of two divisions:

Back 1

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Front 2

The CNS is composed of the _____ and the ______ and is the main control center for all body activities.

The PNS is composed of nerves derived from the ________ and the ______, which serve as linkage between the CNS and the body.

Back 2

brain and spinal cord

brain and spinal cord

Front 3

The PNS can be subdivided into ____/ _____ nerves and ____/ _____ nerves.

Back 3

sensory/ afferent

motor/ efferent

Front 4

Motor nerves are divided into the _______ system, which regulates voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles and the _________ system, which regulates the involuntary control of ____, _____ and ______.

Back 4

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, smooth, cardiac muscle, glands

Front 5

The autonomic nervous system can be further subdivided into ________ system, which stimulates the effector or organs (except digestive) or the _______ system, which inhibits activities of the effector or organs.

Back 5

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Front 6

The ______ system together with the _______ system control the body's organs. It innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands, controlling the circulation of blood, activity of the GI tract and body temp.

Back 6

ANS, endocrine

Front 7

The autonomic nervous system is completely (voluntary/ involuntary). It is a _____ neuron chain. The preganglionic neurons originate in the _____ or ___ while the post originate in a ganglion outside the ______.

Back 7

involuntary - all reflexes are controlled!

2

brain or spinal cord

CNS

Front 8

In the parasympathetic system, preganglionic fibers are (long or short?) while post are (long or short?) and ganglia are near _____.

How is this different in the sympathetic system?

Back 8

long, short, visceral effector organs

sympathetic is opposite: short pre, long post, ganglia near spinal cord

Front 9

As part of the 2 neuron chain, the first neuron's cell body is in the ______ and it's axon is referred to as a ________ _______, which synapses with the soma of the second neuron. This neuron is in the ganglia outside the _____ and its axon is referred to as a ______ _________, which innervates a _________. These apply to both divisions of the ANS:

Back 9

CNS, preganglionic fiber, CNS, post-ganglionic fibers, effector organ

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Front 10

The sympathetic nervous system generally ____ the effector organ, except in the _______. It is activated in emergencies/ fight or flight response.

Back 10

stimulates, digestive organ

Front 11

Homeostasis is a dynamic balance between the two ______ branches:

Back 11

autonomic, PNS, SNS

Front 12

the pregangionic fibers of the SNS produce ____ and are called _____ fibers, while most post-ganglionic fibers produce ____ and are called ______ fibers (exceptions are sweat glands and blood vessels in the skin). The ganglia is near the _____, along the vertebral column. Sympathetic fibers originate from the _____ region of the spinal cord (T1-L2)

Back 12

acetylcholine, cholinergic

norepinephrine, adrenergic

CNS

thoracolumbar region

Front 13

In the SNS, postganglionic fibers are distributed throughout the body while in the PNS, post-ganglionic fibers are limited to the _____, viscera of the chest, ______ and pelvis.

Back 13

head, abdomen

Front 14

In the PNS, all pre and post ganlgionic fibers produce ______ and are ______. Preganglionic fibers arise from the _____ and ______ region of the spinal cord.

Back 14

acetlycholine, cholinergic

brain stem, sacral (S2-S4)

Front 15

Adrenergic receptors, used by post-g sympathetic fibers have two types:

Within these are two more types:

In general, norepinephrine or epi binding to alphas is ____, while betas is ______

Back 15

alpha receptors - A1, A2

beta receptors - B1, B2

stimulatory, inhibitory

Front 16

Alpha 1 reflect the ______ response. They constrict _______ and inhibit motility in the ______ by contracting sphinter muscles and relaxing non-sphincter tissue. They also mobilize energy by breaking down liver ______ into _____.

Back 16

fight or flight, blood vessels, gut, glycogen, glucose

Front 17

Alpha 2 receptors are found in ______ membranes and provide feedback control of ________ secretions by inhibiting Ca+ influx, decreasing its release.

Back 17

post-synaptic, neurotransmitter

Front 18

Beta 1 receptors work in the ____, increasing rate and force of contraction. They also induce muscle relaxation in the _____.

Back 18

heart, gut

Front 19

beta 2 receptors also induce smooth muscle relaxation in the ____. They induce the conversion of _______ to _____. They stimulate the secretion of _____ from the pancreas. They also dilate the bronchi, increasing airflow. This is called _______.

Back 19

gut, glycogen to glucose, insulin, bronchiodilation

Front 20

Cholinergic receptors are present in the pre-g SNS. There are two types of receptors:

Back 20

nicontinic, muscarinic

Front 21

nicontinic receptors: all are ____ and their response is _____.

Back 21

excitatory, rapid

Front 22

muscarinic receptors are either _____ or _____, depending on the target organ. They have distinct subtypes (M1, M2, M3). They decrease _____ activity and increase motility in the ______ tract. They depolarize _______ and hyperpolarize _______.

Back 22

excitatory or inhibitory, heart, GI tract, smooth muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers

Front 23

PNS and cranial nerves (4):

Back 23

oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (x)

Front 24

oculomotor (____): innervates smooth muscles of ___, causing it to constrict

facial (___): stimulates the _____ activity of glands in the head. Ex: nasal, lacrimal, submandibular, salivary, parotid

Back 24

III, eye

VII, secretory

Front 25

Glossopharangeal (___): activates the ___ and ____ glands

Vagus (___): 2 vagus nerves account for ___% of all pre-g PNS fibers in the body, aka a major portion of PNS outflow is through this nerve. It is ______ and contains both sensory and motor fibers. Sensory input from medulla to cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, reproductive, digestive system travels in afferent fibers of vagus.

Back 25

X, 90, mixed

Front 26

Two receptors found in the lungs are:

Back 26

Stretch receptors and Type J receptors

Front 27

Stretch receptors in the lungs inhibit further _____, ______ rate, and vasodilation.

Type J receptors increase _____ _______. This produces feelings of breathlessness and cause a reflex fall in heart rate and BP.

Back 27

inhalation, cardiac

pulmonary congestion

Front 28

The aorta uses ____, which are stimulated by a rise in (O2 or CO2?) and a fall in (O2 or CO2?) and increase breathing rate, heart rate, vasoconstriction.

Back 28

chemoreceptors

CO2, O2

Front 29

Visceral reflexes follow the normal reflex arc. The integration center may be the pre-g, a dorsal horn interneuron, or may be within the walls of the intestinal tract. The motor neuron is a two neuron chain.

Back 29

see other side

Front 30

3 receptors in the heart:

Back 30

baroreceptors, arterial stretch receptors, ventrical stretch receptors

Front 31

Baroreceptors are stimulated by increased ____ and they decrease _____.

Arterial stretch receptors: antidiuretic hormone secretion is inhibited, thus increasing the volume of ____ excreted.

Back 31

BP, heart rate

urine

Front 32

Stretch receptors in ventricles produce a reflex in heart rate and vasodilation

Stretch receptors in GI tract, give feelings (3):

Back 32

satiety, discomfort, pain

Front 33

_______ describes how pain from viscera can be perceived as somatic. This may be due to visceral and somatic pain fibers traveling along the same route.

Back 33

Referred pain