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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the systematic process of discovering and explaining the natural world and its phenomena
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science
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Science is a ______ body of knowledge, not a bunch of ideas that are set in _____.
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living, stone
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Participation in science involves _______ and ______.
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inquiry, experimentation
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Scientists collect ___ by observing and performing experiments, then they analyze it to construct ______ explanations of how things work.
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data, theoretical
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A type of science that describes the most basic objects, forces, relations between them and laws governing them. Research that adds to the body of scientific knowledge.
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Pure Science/Fundamental Science
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a type of science that is the practical application of scientific knowledge
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applied science
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the study of Earth and Space
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Earth science
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the study of matter and energy; chemistry & physics
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Physical Science
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a tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation. An "educated guess" based on previous knowledge and observations.
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hypothesis
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tells us "why something happens", based on observations & experimental findings
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theory
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tells us "what will happen", describes a regular pattern seen in nature
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scientific law
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A scientific law is based on the confirmation of hypotheses through _____ scientific experiments over many years, and has become accepted universally within the scientific community. However, they many need to be revised or amended when new info is learned.
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repeated
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variable that is being manipulated or changed
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independent variable
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variable that you measure, observed result because the independent variable has been changed
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dependent variable
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The Scientific Method:
1. _______ a problem. 2. ______ and ______. 3. ____ the data. 4. ______ the interpretation. |
formulate, observe, experiment, interpret, test
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Many scientific advances have involved:
Trial and _____ Experimentation without _____ ________ discovery |
error, guessing, accidental
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Quantity is = to _____ + ________
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number, unit
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unit for length
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meter
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unit for mass
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kilogram
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unit for time
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second
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the way that scientists express really big numbers or really small numbers
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scientific notation
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the spin of Earth on its axis, takes one day to complete one
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rotation
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The westward motion of the Sun, Moon, and stars across our sky is caused by Earth's _______
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rotation
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People living in different latitudes see the stars move differently. The stars near the poles move in ______ around the pole and never rise or set. These stars are called ____ stars.
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circles, circumpolar
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Stars at the equator (perpendicular to Earth's spin axis) rise straight up in the _____ and set straight down in the ___.
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east, west
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the movement of the earth in its orbit around the sun
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revolution
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Most ancient civilizations had some sort of ______ system because determining when the seasons changed was important.
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astronomical
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The scientist that put an emphasis on observations, four elements: earth, air, fire and water plus quintessence.
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Aristotle
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Aristotle said that Earth does not spin because their is no __ outside. Other things must be orbiting the earth.
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wind
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planets do not move uniformly against the background of stars, but appear to stop, move backward, and then move forward again
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retrograde motion
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scientist that wrote the book Almagest
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Ptolemy
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Ptolemy's theories were based on circular orbits around Earth (_____), but included circles on circles (_______) that accounted very well for the retrograde motion of the planets.
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geocentric, epicycles
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scientist that proposed a sun-centered system to more easily explain retrograde motion
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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sun-centered system
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heliocentric
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a scientist whose primary contributions to astronomy were the design and development of observing instruments and the precise data he collected on the motions of the celestial bodies
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Tycho Brahe
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the apparent shift of an object against a background due to a change in observer position
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parallax
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Tycho disproved the ancient belief that the ______ were fixed and unchangeable.
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heavens
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a scientist who used Brahe's data and mathematics to come up with three important laws
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Johannes Kepler
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Kepler's Law #1 - The orbit of a planet around the Sun is an ____ with the ______ at the focus.
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ellipse, sun
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To explain Kepler's Law #1, to orbit the sun, the planes must move not too fast to escape the Earth's ____, nor too slow so that they fall into the ____.
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gravity, Sun
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Kepler's Law #2 - A line joining the planet and the _____ sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of ______. When a planet is close to the sun, it moves _______ in its orbit than when its _______.
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Sun, time, faster, far away
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Kepler's Law #3- The _____ of a planet's sidereal period around the Sun is proportional to the ____ of its semi-major axis
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square cube
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Galileo Galilei didn't invent the ______.
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telescope
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Scientist that used the telescope to look at astronomical objects, discovered mountains and craters on the moon, etc. He proved that earth wasn't at the center of our solar system, but that the ____ was.
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sun
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______ occurs if something changes its position
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motion
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The motion of an object can be described by using the _____moved and the _____ that it takes to move.
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distance, time
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the rate at which an object covers distance - how fast it is moving
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speed
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the speed at any one instant, like the speed that your speedometer shows
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instantaneous speed
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speed and the direction of movement
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velocity
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Velocity is a ____ quantity - it has _____ and ____.
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vector, magnitude, direction
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equal distances are covered in equal intervals of time
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constant velocity (or speed)
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An example of constant velocity:
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cruise control
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To change the motion of an, you can change its _____, change the ___ that it is moving, or change _____.
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speed, direction, both
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the rate of change of velocity
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acceleration
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An object with a positive acceleration is one that is _______.
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speeding up
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An object with a _______ acceleration is one that is slowing down.
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negative
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Falling or rolling objects are accelerated independent of their ____.
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mass
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when an object falls under the influence of gravity alone (no air friction, or wind blowing)
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free fall
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Earth's gravity pulls on objects that are moving _____.
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upward
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The speed of something thrown upward is decreased by approximately ____ each second.
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10 m/s
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friction between an object and the air
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air resistance
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scientist that formulated three laws of motion, the universal law of gravitation, and invented calculus to work with these laws
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Isaac Newton
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Isaac Newton worked in optics and invented the _____ telescope.
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reflecting
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An object at rest remains at rest unless acted on by an external force. An object in motion remains in motion at constant velocity and moving in a straight line unless acted on by an external force. What is this law known as? aka the law of _____
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Newton's 1st law, inertia
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the tendency for an object to remain at rest or moving in a straight line at a constant speed
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inertia
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The _____ of an object determines its inertia.
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mass
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how much matter something contains, unit = kg
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mass
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It takes more force to change the motion of a really massive object than it does to change the motion of a lighter object. The greater the acceleration of an object, the greater the force required to change its motion. What law is this?
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Newtons 2nd Law of Motion
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a push or a pull that is capable of changing the motion of an object; has a magnitude and direction
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force
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the force with which gravity pulls an object toward earth
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weight
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When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal force in the opposite direction on the first. Action- Reaction. What law is this?
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Newton's Third Law of Motion
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the inward force on an object in a curved path
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centripetal force
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Objects attract each other with a force that depends on their masses and how far apart they are. What Law is this?
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Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
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the ability to do mechanical work
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energy
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unit of energy
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Joule
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The Joule is named in honor of the physicist _________ Joule.
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James Prescott
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Energy is only sensed when it changes _______.
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forms
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a force acting upon an object to cause a displacement
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work
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unit for power
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watt
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1 W = 1 _____
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J/s
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nmkgm2/s2
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Joule
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The watt is named for ____ Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine.
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James
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the rate at which work is done
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power
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The energy an object has because of the motion of its mass. The faster something moves or the greater its mass, the greater its' _____ energy.
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kinetic
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energy that is stored - has to do with the position or arrangement of an object. It increases as an object is raised and/or stretched.
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potential energy
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mass in motion
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momentum
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2 things momentum is dependent upon?
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mass, velocity
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All objects have mass, so if an object is moving, then it has ______.
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momentum
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Any form of energy can be converted to any other form of energy. ____ is the easiest form of energy to obtain - we just have to burn the appropriate fuel. __ is unusual in that it cannot be converted efficiently.
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Heat (x2)
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the branch of science that is concerned with the study of heat and its relationship to mechanical energy
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thermodynamics
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What laws describe the relationships concerning what happens as energy is transformed to work and the reverse?
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The Laws of Thermodynamics
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thermal energy transferred from one thing to another due to a temperature difference
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heat
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Heat always moves from a ____ object to a __ object.
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warmer, cooler
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amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
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calorie
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Heat is measured in _____ or ______.
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joules or calories
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First Law of Thermodynamics:
When heat is added to a system = ______ in thermal energy of the system + external ____ done by the system. This means energy cannot be _____ or ______, but it can be _____ from one form to another. |
increase, work, created, destroyed, converted
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Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Heat never of itself flows from a ___ object to a ____ object. |
cold, hot
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Coal will last _____ years at present consumption.
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hundreds of
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The U.S has enough recoverable oil to meet U.S. demands for oil at current levels for _____ years.
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110
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Solar energy reserves will last about __ years. Solar energy is more practical, however, for ___ scale usage.
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five billion, small
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