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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The nucleus is surrounded by _______ charged _______.
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negatively, electrons
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_______ and _______ are in the nuclei of atoms except for Hydrogen.
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Protons, neutrons
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Protons and neutrons are in the nuclei of atoms except for _______.
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Hydrogen
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Neutrons have slightly more mass than _______, but they are _______, have _______ charge.
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protons, neutral, no net
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Atoms in _______ conduct electricity the best.
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metal
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Passing charge without touching is known as _______.
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induction
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Passing charge by touching something is known as _______.
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conduction
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The amount of positive charge of the _______ in an atom is equal to the amount of the negative charge of the _______. Atoms normally have equal numbers of _______ and _______ - electrically _______.
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protons, electrons, electrons, protons, neutral
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More electrons than protons means a _______ charged atom.
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negatively
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Fewer electrons than protons means a _______ charged atom.
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positively
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the energy associated with charged particles as they move from place to place
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electricity
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Electric Charge - Charge is a property of _______ and _______. When charged particles near one another, a force of _______ or _______ results.
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electrons (-) , protons (+), attraction, repulsion
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Like charges _______. Opposite charges _______.
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repel, attract
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The moving particles (electricity) are usually _______, but any charged particles will do.
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electrons
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a region surrounding a charged particle in which forces of attraction or repulsion are noticeable
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electric field
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The build up of electric charge on the surface of objects? Requires a separation of _______ and _______ charges.
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Static electricity, positive, negative
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when an object whose electrons are loosely bound rubs against another object, electrons are transferred to the second object
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friction
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_______ Law describes the electric force between two charged particles.
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Coulomb's
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Unit of charge?
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Coulomb (C)
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A measure of the energy available to move electrons, the electric potential difference between two points
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voltage
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Voltage, or electric potential, is measured in _______, and abbreviated _______ High-voltage lines have many _______ of volts between them.
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volts, V, thousands
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Unit of electrical potential?
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volt
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1 volt =
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1 Joule/coulomb
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The difference in electrical potential is also known as _______?
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potential difference
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If the ends of an electrical conductor are at different electric potentials, charges will flow from the _______ potential end to _______ end.
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higher, lower
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the flow of charged particles
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electric current
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This flowing electric charge is usually carried by moving _______, in a _______ such as wire. Can also be carried by _______ in an electrolyte.
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electrons, conductor, ions
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The rate of electrical flow is measured in _______.
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amperes (A)
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1 A =
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1 C/s
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Water flows through a pipe if there is a _______ in pressure _______, or between its ends
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difference, across
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Electric charges flow through a circuit because of applied _______ across the circuit.
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voltage
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An _______ is a fairly large amount of current.
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ampere
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Currents approaching 0.1 A are _______ if they pass through sensitive portions of the body. Luckily, a body has fairly high _______ so it takes a substantial _______ to drive that much current.
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lethal, resistance,voltage
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Dry skin is a poor _______ that may have resistance of 50,000-100,000 ohms, while broken or _______ skin may have a resistance of 100-1,000 ohms.
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conductor, wet
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type of current that flows in one direction only
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direct current
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_______ is produced when stored electric potential is tapped.
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Direct current
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Direct current was founded by _______?
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Edison
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Batteries and solar cells have _______.
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electric potential
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type of current flow that changes direction periodically and is produced by a _______
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alternating current, generator
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Resistance to the flow of charge
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Electrical resistance (R)
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Resistance depends on _______, _______, _______, _______.
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conductivity, thickness, length, temperature
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Resistance is measured in _______.
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ohms
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Metals are good _______ of electric charge. Plastic, wood, and rubber _______.
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conductors, aren't
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Wood, plastic, and rubber are _______. Charge does not flow nearly as easily through _______ as it does _______. This is why the wires that you plug into a wall socket are covered with a protective rubber coating. Charge flows through a wire that you plug in, but not through the _______ to you.
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insulators, insulators, conductors, coating
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Good _______, like most metals, allow current to flow without much loss.
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conductors
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_______ are special substances that allow current to flow with essentially zero loss.
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Superconductors
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_______, like silicon, are either good or poor conductors depending on certain conditions.
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Semi-conductors
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A thicker wire has _______ resistance and a thinner wire has _______ resistance.
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lower, higher
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A shorter wire has _______ resistance and a longer wire has _______ resistance.
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lower, higher
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V = I*R, I=V/R, Current = Voltage/Resistance... all of these equations are known as?
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Ohm's Law
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Any path along which electrons can flow? For a continuous flow of electrons you must have a complete _______ = no _______.
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circuit (x2), gaps
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In series circuits, current has a single _______, same _______ through each device. Total resistance is sum of _______ resistances along circuit path.
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pathway, current, individual
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Electrical devices connected to the same 2 points of an electrical circuit is known as a _______ circuit.
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parallel
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When you increase the number of parallel branches, the overall resistance is _______.
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decreased
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In a circuit, _______ current powers an appliance, such as a refrigerator or TV. Every appliance has a certain amount of _______ to the current flow that keeps the current from reaching very _______ values.
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electric, resistance, large
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In a house, the _______ sent to appliances is connected in a _______ circuit. More devices connected = more _______ for the current. The combined resistance is _______ causing greater _______ (overload)
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voltage, parallel, pathways, lowered, current
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When the combined resistance is lowered, causing greater current, that is known as _______.
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overload
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rate at which electric energy is converted into another form
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electric power
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Current x voltage = _______
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Power
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Unit for power = _______ = 1 A*V
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watt
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Power x time = _______
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energy
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Magnets have _______ poles and _______ poles. Like poles _______ each other. Opposite poles _______.
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North, South, repel, attract
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Iron filings sprinkled around a magnet trace out a pattern of _______ field lines in the space surrounding the magnet. The field is _______ where the lines are closer together.
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magnetic, stronger
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If we suspend a bar magnet from a string and allow it to swing until it comes to rest, the end that points approximately toward the geographic north pole will be the end that is labeled _______.
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North
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Earth has a _______ magnetic field inside it.
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south
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The magnetic field created by the molten core of the earth must have an internal magnetic South pole near the geographic _______ pole in order to attract the N end of the magnet (and compass needles).
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north
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A moving charged particle produces a _______ field. (A single charge or a current of charged particles).
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magnetic
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a magnet whose field is produced by an electric current, we need an iron core, like the nail that we used in lab
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electromagnet
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a device that uses a current-carrying coil forced to rotate in a magnetic field to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy
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electric motor
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An electric motor converts _______ energy to _______ energy.
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electrical, mechanical
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In 1831, Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry, each working independently, both discovered that _______ current can be produced in a wire simply by moving a _______ in or out of a _______ part of a wire.
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electric, , magnet, coiled
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Who discovered that electric current can be produced in a wire simply by moving a magnet in or out of a coiled part of a wire? (2 people)
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Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry
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Voltage (or _______) is _______ by the relative motion between a wire and a magnetic field.
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current, induced
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The induced voltage (and current) in a coil is proportional to the number of loops times the rate at which the magnetic field changes within the loops. This is known as _______ Law.
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Faraday's
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According to Faraday's law, the induced voltage (and current) in a coil is proportional to the number of _______ times the rate at which the _______ field changes within the loops.
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loops, magnetic
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When a magnet is moved in and out of a coil of wire, the direction of the induced voltage (and current) _______.
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alternates
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It may be more practical to move a coil rather than a magnet, by rotating a coil in stationary _______ field.
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magnetic
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A device that produces electric current by rotating a coil within a stationary magnetic field, converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
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generator
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A generator converts _______ energy to _______ energy.
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mechanical, electrical
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If the changing magnetic field of a current-carrying coil of wire can be "intercepted" by a second coil of wire, a _______ is induced in the second coil.
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voltage
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a device for transferring electric power from one coil of wire to another, for the purpose of transforming one value of voltage to another
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transformer
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In a transformer, the primary coil is known as the _______ coil, and the secondary coil is known as the _______ coil.
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input, output
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In a transformer the coils need not _______ each other, but are wound around a common _______ core (so that the magnetic field of the primary affects the secondary)
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touch, iron
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In a step-up transformer, the secondary coil has more turns than primary, _______ voltage is induced in secondary.
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greater
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In a step-down transformer, the secondary coil has fewer turns than the primary, the AC voltage induced in secondary is _______ than primary.
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lower
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a type of transformer where the secondary has more turns than primary and greater voltage is induced in secondary
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step-up transformer
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a type of transformer where the secondary has fewer turns than primary, the AC voltage induced in secondary is lower than primary
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step-down transformer
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type of transformer going into your house
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step-down transformer
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What type of lines transport large amounts of electrical power over long distances?
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High-voltage lines
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Electric energy is transported across the countryside with _______ lines because the line losses are much smaller than with low-voltage lines.
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high-voltage
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It is difficult to reduce a DC high voltage to low voltage without additional loss' but it is easy to reduce an _______ high voltage to low voltage using a _______ transformer.
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AC, step-down
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A _______ typically reduces the voltage to a reasonable value for street lines, say 330 V, and then a small _______ outside and/or inside your house reduces it to *120 V (.
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substation, transformer
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The current or voltage oscillation frequency is _______ in the U.S.
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60 cycles/sec = 60 Hz
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When ice crystals in the clouds steal electrons, _______ occurs.
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lightning
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Vibrating objects are sources of _______.
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waves
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A wave pulse is started with a _______ and is transmitted through the _______ through which it travels.
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vibration, medium
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Continuous waves start with _______.
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vibrations
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Light waves are _______ waves.
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transverse
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Sound waves are _______ waves.
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longitudinal
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A wave travels through a medium, but the individual particles just move _______ and _______.
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up, down
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A wave encountering a more dense medium will be partly _______ and partly _______.
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reflected, transmitted
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maximum height of a peak
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amplitude
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distance between successive peaks
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wavelength
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number of peaks that pass a given point per unit time
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frequency
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time required for one cycle
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period
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1/frequency = _______
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period
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By multiplying the period of a wave with the speed of light, we can determine the _______.
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wavelength
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In a _______ wave, the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of wave motion.
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transverse
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In a transverse wave, the oscillations are _______ to the direction of wave motion.
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perpendicular
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In a _______ wave, the oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave motion.
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longitudinal
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In a longitudinal wave, the oscillations are _______ to the direction of wave motion.
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parallel
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When two waves pass through the same region, they _______. This may be either _______ (meaning it builds of the amplitude of peaks and troughs) or _______.
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interfere, constructive, destructive
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When waves come together perfectly, that is called perfect _______ interference.
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constructive
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When waves perfectly cancel each other out, they come together _______.
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destructively
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When waves meet an obstacle, they bend around it, leaving a shadow region. This is called _______.
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diffraction
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With diffraction, the bright places are where there is _______ interference and the dark places are where there is _______ interference.
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constructive, destructive
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The amount of diffraction depends on the _______ of the obstacle compared to the _______.
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size, wavelength
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When dealing with diffraction, if the obstacle is much smaller than the wavelength, the wave is _______.
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barely affected
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When dealing with diffraction, if the object is larger than the wavelength, diffraction is _______.
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much more significant
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The size of the shadow zone (diffraction) depends on the size of the _______.
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object
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Sound can travel through any kind of matter, but not through a _______.
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vacuum (space)
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Sound waves are _______.
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longitudinal
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The speed of sound is different in different materials. It is _______ in gases, _______ in liquids, and _______ in solids.
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slowest, faster, fastest
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Wave speed depends on _______, especially for gases.
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temperature
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Sound can't travel through a vacuum because sound has to have a _______ to travel through and there is not one in space.
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medium
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Loudness is related to the intensity of the sound wave, _______.
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amplitude
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Loudness is related to the _______ of the sound wave, amplitude.
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intensity
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The pitch of a sound that we hear is determined by its _______ or its _______.
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wavelength, frequency
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The pitch of a sound that we hear is determined by its wavelength or its frequency. The shorter the wavelength, the _______ the _______ becomes, and the higher the _______ that we hear.
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higher, frequency, pitch
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The audible range of frequency is from about _______ to _______; the upper limit decreases with age.
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20 Hz, 20,000 Hz
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The ultrasound rage is above _______ (Hz).
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20,000
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Sound waves are collected by the outer ear and funneled toward the eardrum. Sound waves _______ the eardrum. the three bones of the middle ear transmit these toward the _______ ear. _______ in the inner ear stimulates _______ endings. _______ impulses are sent from the nerve endings along the _______ nerve to the brain.
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vibrate, inner, fluid, nerve, electrical, auditory
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Musical instruments produce sounds in ways such as by vibrating strings, vibrating membranes, or by vibrating air columns. The vibrations are transmitted through the _______ and to our ears.
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air
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When disturbed, an object vibrates at its own set of frequencies, aka _______ frequency.
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natural
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When vibrations are forced on an object that match its natural frequency, a dramatic increase in amplitude occurs (aka _______).
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resonance
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a dramatic increase in amplitude
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resonance
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a wave that remains in a constant position; peak rises and trough falls
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standing wave
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A standing wave can occur because the _______ is moving in the _______ direction to the wave, or it can arise in a _______ medium as a result of _______ between two waves traveling in opposite directions.
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medium, opposite, stationary, interference
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With a standing wave, there is no net propagation of _______.
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energy
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Standing waves are observed in _______ and _______ of air. Any waves traveling on the medium will _______ back when they reach the end. This is noticeable in musical instruments where, at various multiples of a string or air column's natural frequency, a standing wave is created, allowing _______ to be identified.
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strings, columns, reflect, harmonics
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The _______ tube allows sound waves to resonate inside. Raising or lowering the _______ changes the length of the tube.
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resonance, water
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Strike a tuning fork and hold it above the hollow tube (resonance tube) while moving the _______ level up and down until you can hear a sound.
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water
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As you raise or lower the water in the resonance tube, the sound will get either _______ or _______.
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louder, softer
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Children sometimes play with a homemade telephone by attaching a string to the bottoms of two paper cups. When the string is _______ and a child speaks into one cup, the sound can be heard at the other cup. Why is this?
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stretched; Child speaks, vibrations go through side of the cup, to bottom, across string, across the bottom of the other cup, up the side, and then it vibrates the ear.
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When two sound waves of different frequency approach your ear, the alternating _______ and _______ interference causes the sound to be alternatively _______ and _______ - producing beats. Loud is _______ and soft is _______.
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constructive, destructive, soft, loud, constructive, destructive
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What effect occurs when a source of sound (or light) is moving with respect to an observer?
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Doppler Effect
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The apparent change in wavelength of a wave for an observer because the source of the waves is moving
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Doppler Effect
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Doppler Effect - Source moving towards an observer, waves are shorter (_______). Source moving away from an observer, waves are longer (_______).
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blueshift, redshift
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If a source is moving faster than the wave speed in a medium, waves cannot keep up and a _______ wave is formed.
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shock
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Aircraft exceeding the speed of sound in air will produce two _______, one from the front and one from the tail (LOUD).
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sonic booms
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What is used to located objects underwater by measuring the time it takes a sound pulse to reflect back to the receiver?
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Sonar
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Sonar usually uses _______ waves, as the _______ wavelengths are less likely to be diffracted by obstacles.
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ultrasound, shorter
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_______ (sonography) involves exposing part of the body to high-frequenct sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body. These images can also show the movement of the body's internal organs.
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Ultrasound imaging
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The creation of an image from sound is done in three steps - producing a _______ wave, receiving _______, and _______ those echoes.
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sound, echoes, interpreting
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In 1860, James Clerk Maxwell unified the theories of _______ and _______ and showed that electric and magnetic fields travel through space together in the form of _______ waves.
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electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic
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A wave emitted by vibrating electrical charges and composed of vibrating electric and magnetic fields.
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Electromagnetic wave
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Electromagnetic waves are classified by _______ or _______. Includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, gamma rays.
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frequency, wavelength
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Electromagnetic radiation travels through empty space at the speed of _______.
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light
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A small range of wavelengths, _______ nm to _______ nm are visible to humans.
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400-700
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Visible light spectrum is known by what anagram?
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ROYGBIV
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All forms of electromagnetic radiation can travel through _______.
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empty space
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The frequency, f of a wave is related to the number of completed _______ in one second.
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periods
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The _______ of the wave is equal to the wavelength*frequency.
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speed
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_______ waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum and can get through the atmosphere easier. These waves can be longer than a football field or as short as a football.
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Radio
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Who developed means to reliably produce radio frequency currents, publicly demonstrated the principles of radio, and transmitted long distance signals?
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Nikola Tesla
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The inventor of radio?
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Nikola Tesla
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Particles in our atmosphere that are about the same size as the wavelengths of visible light cause the light from the sun to _______ and split into individual _______.
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scatter, colors
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_______ and _______, the main components of our atmosphere, scatter _______ and _______ light due to their small size (wavelength). This is why the sky appears to be blue in the daytime.
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oxygen, nitrogen, violet, blue
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Oxygen and Nitrogen like to be in groups of 2, aka _______
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diatomic
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At sunrise and sunset the distance that the light has to travel from the Sun to our eyes is at its _______. It's going through a much _______ section of the atmosphere. Most of the shorter-wavelength blue and violet light has already been scattered by the atmosphere, so the light that is seen by our eyes is mainly the long-wavelength, _______.
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greatest, thicker, red
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Light from the Sun looks as though it is _______, but it actually consists of _______ colors.
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white, 7
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The splitting of white light into its color components is called _______ and was discovered by _______.
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dispersion, Isaac Newton
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Color depends on the _______ of light.
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frequency
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Low frequency, low energy is equal to what color of light? High frequency, high energy is equal to what color of light? All colors blended together equal what color of light?
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red, blue, white
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Law of _______ - Light rays approaching the surface of a mirror at an angle will bounce off on the opposite at the same angle at which they approach. This is measured from the middle.
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Reflection
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Light rays traveling from air into a transparent medium such as glass bend at the _______. The bending of light rays between two different materials is called _______. This is the reason why feet look higher in water.
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surface, refraction
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When the sun is behind you, and light is reflecting off of the raindrops, a _______ occurs. Secondary _______ are caused by a double reflection of sunlight inside the raindrops.
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rainbow, rainbows
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Sun _______ are caused by tiny ice crystals in the atmosphere - sunlight hits them and reflects.
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halos
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What are fiber optics based on?
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Piped Light
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A _______ is a light-sensitive imaging device that is 10 to 20 times more sensitive than most of the fastest films.
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CCD
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The human eye resembles a _______ in its basic functioning, with an adjustable lens, the iris, and the retina.
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camera
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The closest distance at which eye can focus clearly (normal 25 cm)
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near point
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The farthest distance at which object can be seen clearly
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far point
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When the far point is too close, _______ occurs. When near point is too far away, _______ occurs.
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nearsightedness, farsightedness
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A nearsighted eye, which cannot focus clearly on distant objects, can be corrected by use of a _______ lens.
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diverging
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A farsighted eye, which cannot focus clearly on nearby objects, can be corrected by use of a _______ lens.
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converging
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A concave lens is used to correct _______, and a convex lens is used to correct.
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nearsightedness, farsightedness
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Two basic types of telescopes?
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Reflecting & Refracting telescopes
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What type of telescope uses mirrors to gather and collect light? It can bring all wavelengths of light together at one place.
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Reflecting telescopes
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What type of telescope uses lenses to gather and collect light? Galileo used this type.
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Refracting telescopes
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Reflecting telescopes use _______ to gather and collect light, while refracting telescopes use _______.
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mirrors, lenses
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With telescopes, _______ is very important.
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diameter
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A _______ telescope can collect and focus more starlight than a _______ telescope. A _______ telescope will produce brighter images and will be able to detect fainter objects.
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large, small, large
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A _______ telescope increases the image sharpness and the extent to which fine details can be distinguished.
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large
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the ability of the telescope to make an image appear large in the field of view
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Magnifying power or magnification
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Light gather power depends on the size of the primary _______ and the telescope's _______. Larger diameter = _______ light gather power = (brighter/dimmer) image. Smaller diameter = _______ light gathering power = (brighter/dimmer) image
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lens, diameter, more, brighter, less, dimmer
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the ability of telescope to see small details so that objects that are close together in the sky are seen as separate
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resolving power - angular resolution
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A common MISCONCEPTION is that _______ is the most important factor determining the quality of a telescope's images.
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magnification
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The light-gathering and resolving powers of a telescope are much more important than the _______, as it can be changed simply by switching eyepieces.
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magnification
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Telescopes have a maximum useful magnification beyond which images will be larger but will no longer be clearly _______.
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focused
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Refracting telescopes use an objective _______ to gather light and an _______ through which the image is viewed.
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lens, eyepiece
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In a refracting telescope, each color/wavelength of light is refracted at a different _______ in glass. This means that the various colors of the image produced will not be _______. The failure of a lens to focus all colors is called _______.
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angle, focused, chromatic aberration
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the failure of a lens to focus all colors
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chromatic aberration
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The large mirror used to gather and focus the light in a reflecting telescope is called the _______ mirror. The surface of the mirror used is bent into a _______ (parabolic). _______ light rays from distant objects converge to a _______ point. The distance between the mirror and its focal point is called the _______.
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primary, curve, parallel, focal, focal length
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In a _______ telescope, light strikes the primary mirror and reflects the image back to the smaller secondary mirror, which reflects the magnified image through the center hole and on to the eyepiece.
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Cassegraub
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Type of telescopes we use here because we can handle bigger size with more ease.
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Cassegrain telescope
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A Schmidt-Cassegrain is compact and gives excellent results, but the secondary mirror obstruction reduces image _______.
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contrast
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The transparency of a material depends on the _______ of light. Earth's atmosphere is relatively transparent to visible light and radio waves, which are referred to as "windows" through which we can view space from a ground-based telescope.
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wavelength
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X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet rays are observed from space, above the _______.
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atmosphere
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The _______ 305 m radio telescope is the largest single-aperture telescope ever constructed.
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Arecibo
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A radio telescope must be larger than an optical telescope to make images of comparable _______. Radio waves are not affected by _______ or _______ weather, so observations can be made 24/7, 365.25 days a year.
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clarity, daylight, cloudy
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Radio waves can be observed constantly whereas _______ astronomy can only be done at night if it isn't cloudy.
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visible light
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In order to make more clear (or higher resolution) radio images, astronomers often combine several smaller telescopes or dishes into an _______. The dishes can act as one large telescope whose size equals the total area occupied by the area (_______).
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array, interferometry
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world's largest fully steerable radio telescope and the world's largest land-based movable structure (100m x 110 m dish)
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Green Bank telescope
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_______ conditions and _______ in the atmosphere limit the quality of astronomical images.
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Weather, turbulence
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a technology to improve the performance of astronomical telescopes by reducing the effects of atmospheric distortion (twinkling) or changes in mirror shape
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adaptive optics
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Adaptive optics works by measuring the _______ and rapidly compensating for it either using deformable _______ or material with variable _______ properties.
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distortion, mirrors, refractive
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Non-optical images of the Sun reveal details that cannot be observed in the _______ spectrum.
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visible
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Sometime light acts like a particle and sometimes it acts like a wave, depending on what sort of experiment you're conducting. This is known as _______.
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wave/particle duality.
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Depending on what sort of experiment you're conducting, sometimes light acts like a _______ and sometimes it acts like a _______.
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particle, wave
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particle of light
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photon
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Thomas Young conducted what experiment?
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Double-slit experiment
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experiment that showed that light exhibits wave behavior, bright places = constructive interference, dark places - destructive interference
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Double-slit experiment
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When light of a single color is passed through two slits, the light from the two sources creates an interference pattern of bright and dark regions. This shows that light is a _______.
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wave
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Max Planck was working on the relationship between the _______ emitted by an object and the object's _______. He derived an equation that agreed with his data, but the equation only made sense if Planck assumed that the energy of a vibrating molecule was _______, that is, it could only take on certain values.
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radiation, temperature, quantized
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According to Planck, _______ would have to be proportional to _______, and it seemed to be in multiples of the frequency times a constant.
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energy, frequency
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Einstein furthered Planck's work and proposed that light also delivers its energy in _______.
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chunks
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According to Einstein and Planck, light consists of particles, called _______(or quanta), each with an energy that is found by (Planck's constant*c)/wavelength. Albert Einstein won Nobel prize for his work on the Photoelectric effect.
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photons
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Red light has _______ wavelength, _______ frequency, _______ energy, _______ temperature
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long, low, low, cooler
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Violet light has _______ wavelength, _______ frequency, _______ energy, and _______ temperature
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short, high, high, hotter
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What effect shows that light exhibits particle behavior?
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Photoelectric effect
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According to the photoelectric effect, light carries _______. If light hits an electron in one of the atoms in the metal, it might transfer enough energy to knock the electron away from its atom. It just has to be of the right _______ to make electrons bounce off so you can count them.
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energy, frequency
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(Photoelectric effect) For each metal, there is a _______ frequency. Light frequencies below the _______ eject _______ electrons no matter how intense the light. Light frequencies above the _______ eject electrons no matter how low the _______ When the light source is turned on, the electrons begin to be _______ immediately.
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threshold, threshold, no, threshold, intensity, ejected
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planet outside our solar system orbiting a star - found by Kepler
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exoplanet
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