Pharmacology Test 3 - Herbals

Front 1

Which herbal drug is used to boost the immune system and prevent/shorten colds?

Back 1

echinacea

Front 2

Which three components of echinacea have known immune-modulating properties?

Back 2

alkamides
polysaccharides
chicoric acid

Front 3

What immune cells are activated when taking echinacea? (1)

Back 3

cytokines
(and immune cells)

Front 4

Does echinacea have anti-inflammatory effects?

Back 4

Yes

Front 5

What type of symptoms occur with IV echnicea?

Back 5

flu-like symptoms

Front 6

How long is the maximum to take echinacea?

Back 6

8 weeks

Front 7

Which herbal drug is used to lower cholesterol and reduce atherosclerosis?

Back 7

garlic

Front 8

What is the active ingredient in garlic?

Back 8

allicin

Front 9

What mechanism of garlic lowers cholesterol?

Back 9

lowers HMG-CoA reductase (in vitro)

Front 10

Which herbal drugs have antiplatelet effects? (3)

Back 10

garlic
ginseng
ginkgo

Front 11

Which herbal drug improves atherosclerotic plaques?

Back 11

garlic

Front 12

What are two side effects of garlic?

Back 12

bad breath
contact dermatitis

Front 13

Which herbal drug is used for depression?

Back 13

St. John's Wort

Front 14

What is the active ingredient in St. John's Wort? (2)

Back 14

hypericin, some hyperforin

Front 15

What is the mechanism of action for St. John's Wort? (5)

Back 15

(1) hypericin inhibits MAO-A/B (unachievable doses)
(2) hypericin binds opioid receptors
(3) total extract binds GABA receptors
(4) hyperforin inhibits serotonin, NE, dopamine reuptake
(5) chronic activity decreases beta receptor, increases serotonin receptors

Front 16

Which of the following levels of depression is St. John's Wort effective for?
(mild, moderate, severe)

Back 16

mild and moderate only

Front 17

What drug class should not be taken with St. John's Wort and why? (2)

Back 17

antidepressants or stimulants, the combination can cause serotonin syndrome

Front 18

Which herbal drug is used to treat the urinary tract, reproductive organ health, and BPH?

Back 18

saw palmetto

Front 19

Which prescription has the same mechanism as saw palmetto?

Back 19

finasteride

Front 20

What enzyme does saw palmetto inhibit?

Back 20

5alpha-reductase
(converts testosterone to DHT)

Front 21

Which has more sexual side effects - finasteride or saw palmetto?

Back 21

finasteride

Front 22

Which herbal drug is used to improve physical and mental performance and boost the immune system?

Back 22

ginseng

Front 23

Which disease states should not take ginseng?

Back 23

not in immune-compromised patients

Front 24

Which drug classes/types should not be given with ginseng? (4)

Back 24

antipsychotics
estrogen
diabetes medication
anti-platelet meds (warfarin, aspirin)

Front 25

Which specie of ginseng is responsible for improving immune function and potentially lowering cancer risk?
(ginseng or quinquefolium)

Back 25

P. ginseng

Front 26

Which specie of ginseng may lower glucose in patients?
(ginseng or quinquefolium)

Back 26

quinquefolium

Front 27

Which herbal drug is used for cognitive function and dementia?

Back 27

ginkgo

Front 28

Gingko (increases/decreases) blood viscosity and (increases/decreases) blood flow

Back 28

decreases viscosity and increases blood flow

Front 29

What effect does ginkgo have on alpha2, beta, 5HT1a, and muscarinic receptors?

Back 29

increases muscarinic, alpha2, 5HT1a receptors

decreases beta receptors

Front 30

Ginkgo (increases/decreases) ACh and NE in serum?

Back 30

increases

Front 31

Ginkgo (decreases/increases) serontonin reuptake

Back 31

increases

Front 32

True or False - Ginkgo is a good medicine for memory in the elderly

Back 32

False - no memory benefit in the elderly

Front 33

What serious effect can ginkgo seeds cause?

Back 33

seizures - ginkgo seeds are epileptogenic

Front 34

What is the main drug interaction seen with ginkgo?

Back 34

not for patients on anti-platelets or anti-coagulants

Front 35

Which herbal drug is used to improve liver function, reduce liver toxicity, as an anti-cancer agent, and to reduce cholesterol?

Back 35

milk thistle

Front 36

What is the active ingredient in milk thistle?

Back 36

sillymarins

Front 37

What are milk thistle's effects on the liver? (2)

Back 37

reduce hepatic injury following exposure to toxins

reduce collagen accumulation and TGF-B

Front 38

Which of the following are properties of milk thistle?
a) anti-emetic
b) anti-inflammatory
c) anti-hypertensive
d) reduces blood glucose
e) anti-hyperlipidemic
f) anti-seizure
g) anti-anxiety

Back 38

anti-inflammatory
anti-hyperlipidemic

Front 39

Milk thistle shows promise in clinical trials for what disease?

Back 39

chronic viral hepatitis

Front 40

What is the endogenous prohormone secreted by the adrenal cortex and CNS?

Back 40

dihydroepiandrostone (DHEA)

Front 41

Which hormone is produced in the pineal gland?

Back 41

melatonin

Front 42

When is melatonin released?

Back 42

bedtime to early morning hours

Front 43

What are the indications for melatonin? (2)

Back 43

jet lag
insomnia

Front 44

What hormones are affected in women when taking melatonin? (2)

Back 44

leutinizing hormone (inhibit ovulation mid-cycle)
decrease prolactin release

Front 45

What effect is seen with melatonin when used in men for more than 6 months?

Back 45

decreased sperm quality