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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A _____ is any substance that alters physiologic function with the potential for affecting health.
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drug
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A drug is any chemical that can affect _____.
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living processes or systems
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_____ is a drug administered for its therapeutic effects.
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Medication
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_____ is the study of chemicals that alter functions of living organisms; the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms; their interactions with living things.
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Pharmacology
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Drugs that are deemed to be safe to be taken without medical supervision as long as they are taken for the intended purpose and in the correct dose are called _____.
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nonprescription
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The first step of the drug approval process is _____.
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preclinical trials
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______ are used in lab animals to see how the drug affects living tissues and get a feel if the drug is effective and safe.
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Preclinical trials
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Phase ____ studies test a small number of healthy subjects (individuals with the disease are used if the drug is toxic).
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1
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Phase _____ studies test a small number of individuals with the disease and observe for effectiveness and toxicity. These studies also look at how the drug is absorbed, metabolized, and distributed.
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2
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Phase _____ studies are larger scale testing. They look at the safety and efficacy of the drug and try to pick up rare but possible side effects.
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3
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The more people that take a medication the more likely it is that....
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a rare or infrequent side effect will manifest itself.
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During Phase ____ studies people are given different dosages of the medication to determine which dose is most effective.
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2
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Phase ____ studies are conducted after the FDA has approved marketing of the drug.
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4
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Phase ____ studies are referred to as post marketing surveillance. During this phase it is sometimes found that a medication is effective for other medical problems or has adverse effects when combined with different medications.
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4
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Reasons for mediation use include: _____ treatment, _____ of illness, assist with _____ procedures, to _____ illness, promote _______, and prevent _______.
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symptomatic, prevention, diagnostic, cure, health maintenance, and contraception
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The ____ name of a drug is based on the chemical structure or make up of the drug.
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chemical
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The ____ name of a drug is also called the nonproprietary.
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generic/official
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The _____ name of a drug is assigned by the US Adopted Names Council and is listed in official publications.
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generic/official
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The _____ name of a drug is also called the proprietary.
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trade/brand
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The _____ name of a drug is the registered name that is assigned by the manufacturer.
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trade/brand
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An example of a medication used for symptomatic treatment is _____.
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aspirin
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An example of a medication used for prevention is _____.
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vaccines
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An example of medications used in conjunction with diagnostic procedures is ______.
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radiopaque dyes
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An example of a medication that is used as a curative is _____.
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antibiotics
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An example of a medication that is used for health maintenance is ______.
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insulin
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An example of a medication whose use is contraception is ______.
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birth control pills
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Health maintenance drugs are any drug that is given to help...
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the body function normally.
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The ____ name of a drug includes the chemical/molecular structure or make up of the drug.
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chemical
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The ____ name of a drug is also known as the official or nonproprietary name.
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generic
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Drugs can be classified based on 4 descriptive categories:
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-chemical classification
-physiologic classification -therapeutic classification -prototype |
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The chemical classification of a drug describes the ______.
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chemical base
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The physiologic classification of a drug describes the...
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drug's effects on body systems.
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The therapeutic classification of a drug describes the...
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drug's use in therapy.
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The prototype of a drug is...
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an individual drug which represents a class of drugs.
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A well understood drug model against which other drugs in that class are compared is called a ______.
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prototype
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Morphine's classifications:
chemical- physiologic- therapeutic- |
chemical- opiate
physiologic- CNS depressant therapeutic- narcotic analgesic |
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Morphine is the prototype for which group of drugs?
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narcotic analgesics
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Three mechanisms of action for drugs are:
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-non-receptor drug actions
-drug-enzyme interaction -Receptor sites (lock and key) |
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The drug action that produces a biochemical or physical alteration in the cell's external/internal environment and is a simple physical or chemical reaction is known as _______.
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nonreceptor drug actions
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The drug action in which a drug interferes with some enzyme that acts as a catalyst for a chemical reaction is known as _______.
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drug-enzyme interaction
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An example of a drug that uses nonreceptor drug actions is _____.
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antacids
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The drug action in which a drug attaches to a specific receptor site is known as _____.
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receptor sites
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When there is a _____ drug action the response results from a biochemical or physiologic interaction between a drug and a receptor site to which it binds.
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receptor sites (lock and key)
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An example of a drug that has a drug-enzyme interaction is ______.
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ACE inhibitors
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The ACE in ACE inhibitors stands for ______.
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angiotensin converting enzyme
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The mechanism of action for most drugs is _____.
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receptor sites (lock and key)
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Drugs that use receptor sites as a mechanism of action can be either _____ or _____.
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agonists
antagonists |
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A drug that attaches to a receptor site and mimics the action of an endogenous substance is known as an _______.
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agonist
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Something that is already within the body is known as an _____ substance.
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endogenous
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There are 2 properties of an agonist drug:
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affinity and intrinsic activity
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Affinity is ______. It refers to the strength of the attraction between the drug and receptor site.
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attraction
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_____ allows the agonist to bind to the receptor.
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Affinity
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______ is what allows the agonist to turn on or to activate the receptor.
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Intrinsic activity
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Intrinsic activity is reflected in _______.
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maximal efficacy
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Maximal efficacy is the largest...
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effect a drug can produce or the maximum degree of relief achieved.
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High intrinsic activity = ______ maximum efficacy.
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high
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______ attach to a receptor site and prevent activation of a receptor by endogenous substances or other drugs.
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Antagonists
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The _____ inhibits activation of the receptor site.
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antagonist
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Affinity is reflected in _____.
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potency
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_____ is the amount of drug that is required to elicit an effect.
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Potency
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Potency is the _____ of a drug.
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strength
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The higher the potency of a drug the _____ the necessary dose.
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lower
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Antagonists have _____ but do not have ______.
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affinity
intrinsic activity |
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Affinity allows the antagonist to ______.
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bind to the receptor
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Intrinsic activity allows the antagonist to...
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turn on or to activate the receptor.
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An example of a drug that is an antagonist is ______.
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antihistamine
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There are 2 types of antagonists:
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competitive and non-competitive
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Most antagonists are ______.
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competitive
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_____ antagonists bind reversibly to the receptor site.
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Competitive
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_____ antagonists bind irreversibly to the receptor site; they can't be knocked off; response is prolonged and you can't reverse effects therefore it isn't usually given.
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Non-competitive
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Common characteristics of drugs are:
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-the do not create responses
-action results from a physiochemical interaction between the drug and a functionally important molecule -they exert multiple effects on the body |
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Drugs do not create responses, instead they...
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modify existing responses by some physiologic interaction.
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Drug action results from a physiochemical interaction between the drug and a functionally important molecule or structure in the body by...
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-affecting enzyme interactions
-alter chemical composition -form chemical bond with specific receptors |
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We have side effects because drugs exert...
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multiple effects on the body.
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There are two principles of drug action:
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-pharmacodynamics
-pharmacokinetics |
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_____ is the mechanism of action of a drug. It is how the drug affects the body or works.
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Pharmacodynamics
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_____ is the effect the body has on the drug; how the body processes the drug.
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Pharmacokinetics
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The process by which a drug moves through the body and is eliminated is called ______.
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pharmacokinetics
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Pharmacokinetics looks at 4 processes:
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-absorption
-distribution -metabolism -excretion |
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______ is the process by which a medication moves from the site of administration into the bloodstream.
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Absorption
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Absorption is the primary mechanism of _____.
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diffusion
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The onset of action is largely determined by the rate of _____.
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absorption
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______ is the process by which medication is transported from the site of absorption to the site of action.
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Distribution
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_____ is the physical and chemical processing of a drug.
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Metabolism
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Metabolism primarily takes place in the ______.
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liver
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______ is the process of removing the drug or its metabolites from the body.
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Excretion
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The organ primarily responsible for excretion is ______.
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kidneys
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Elimination is the combination of _____ and _____.
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metabolism and excretion
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Factors affecting absorption include:
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-route of administration
-solubility -blood flow to site of administration -body surface area -client characteristics |
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The fastest to slowest routes of administration are:
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Fast --------------------------> Slow
IV-----> IM-------> SQ-------> PO |
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______ is how quickly a medication dissolves into a solution.
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Solubility
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Two things affect solubility:
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-rate of dissolution
-lipid solubility |
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Fat/lipid soluble drugs cross membranes more quickly because...
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our membranes are phospholipid.
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____ absorb faster than pills.
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Liquids
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The higher the blood flow is to the site of administration the more _____ the absorption.
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rapid
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The larger the absorbing surface are, the _____ the absorption.
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greater
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An older person has low gastric motility and blood flow which can affect ______.
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absorption
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Inhaled meds are more quickly absorbed because...
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lungs have a large surface area.
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4 Factors affecting distribution are:
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-circulation
-lipid solubility -protein binding -physiologic barriers |
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Medications are carried to the most _____ organs first.
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vascular
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The organs that are most vascular are:
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liver, spleen, brain and heart.
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Low circulation leads to ____ distribution.
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low
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Lipid soluble drugs have affinity for ______ tissue.
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subcutaneous
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Drugs generally move attached to a ______.
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protein
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As long as a drug is bound to a protein it has no _____ affect.
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physiologic
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Drugs that are bound to proteins more tightly, release _____ and therefore have an _____ duration of action.
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slowly
extended |
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The protein that drugs usually bind to is ______.
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albumin
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A drug that is more than ____% bound is highly bound. A drug that is less than ____% bound is more loosely bound and therefore is given more often.
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80
30 |
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_____ barriers are a selective mechanism opposing the passage of certain substances from the blood into the brain.
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Physiologic
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A physiologic barrier is the _____.
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blood brain barrier
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Drugs that can enter the brain are ______ or have some type of ______ that allows it to cross the blood brain barrier.
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highly lipid soluble
special transport mechanism |
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Most medications are absorbed in the ____.
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small intestine
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Most ____ won't cross the blood brain barrier.
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antibiotics
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Metabolism is also called ____.
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biotransformation
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Metabolism primarily occurs in the _____ where enzymes are.
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liver
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The consequences of metabolism include:
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-accelerated renal excretion
-drug activation- inactivation -increased therapeutic action |
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Accelerated renal function is a consequence of metabolism that converts a drug into ______ that can be eliminated by the _____.
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water soluble form
kidneys |
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Drug ______, a consequence of metabolism, can convert a drug or compound into a less active or inactive form therefore decreasing the toxicity.
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inactivation
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Drug activation is a consequence of metabolism that occurs with _____.
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prodrugs
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A ______ is a drug with no pharmacologic activity until it is metabolized into an active form.
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prodrug
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Increased therapeutic action is a consequence of metabolism that may...
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convert or increase the action of a drug.
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During metabolism, some drugs are inactivated in the liver. The _____ avoids this inactivation by giving the drug via another route or in increased PO dosages.
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first-pass effect
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Some factors that affect metabolism include:
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-liver dysfunction and age
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The _____ are primarily responsible for excretion.
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kidneys
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2 ways that drugs are excreted are:
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glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion
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Factors that affect kidney excretion are:
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-kidney function
-age -acidity of urine (certain drugs are excreted more effectively at particular pH levels. |
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If a person has problems with metabolism and excretion, the duration of action will be _____.
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longer
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_____ is the medical use of drugs.
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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Pharmacotherapeutics is the use of drugs for _____, _____, ____, and _____ illness and disease or to prevent _____.
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preventing, diagnosing, managing, and curing
pregnancy |
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The reason we give a drug is called it's _____.
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therapeutic effect
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The level or amount of drug needed to cause a therapeutic effect is called the ______.
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critical concentration
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If a drug level falls below the critical concentration, the drug will have ______.
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no effect.
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The _____ of a drug is the range between the minimum effective and minimum toxic concentrations.
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therapeutic range
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The ____ the therapeutic range of a drug the safer the drug is to administer.
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wider
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The ____ is the minimum plasma/concentration level of a drug required to elicit a pharmacologic response.
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minimum effective concentration
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The _____ is the plasma level at which toxic effects are observed.
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minimum toxic concentration
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The ____ measures the drugs margins of safety.
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therapeutic index
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The _____ is the time after administration of a drug that we see a therapeutic effect or a therapeutic action begins.
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onset of action
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The time the drug remains in the body in concentrations high enough to have a therapeutic effect is called the ______.
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duration of action
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The _____ is the highest plasma level achieved by a SINGLE dose of the drug.
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peak plasma level
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The peak plasma level is primarily affected by the _____.
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rae of absorption.
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The ratio that represents the therapeutic index is
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lethal dose/effective dose
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The closer the therapeutic index is to 1, the more ____ the margin of safety.
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narrow
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The peak plasma level for ____ occurs immediately.
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IV
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The lowest level or concentration of a drug in an individual system is called the _____. To determine this the blood should be drawn right before the next dose is given.
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trough
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The time required for the elimination process to reduce the concentration of the drug by half of the original dose is called the ______.
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half-life
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Knowing the half-life of a drug is important because it is used to estimate how long it would take for a drug to get to a _____.
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steady state
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A plateau is also called the _____.
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steady state
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Once there is a maintained concentration of the drug in the plasma during a series of scheduled doses, it is said that a ____ has been reached.
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plateau/steady state
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A steady state occurs when the drug's rate of ____ is equal to the drug's rate of _____.
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absorption
elimination |
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Half-life is affected by ______ and ________.
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metabolism and excretion
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The goal of administering medications is for the steady state to be higher than the _____ but lower than the ______.
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minimum effective concentration
minimum toxic concentration |
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It takes ____ half-lives for a drug to reach a steady state and this many more for it to leave the body.
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4-5
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The intensification/potentiation of drug effects is known as ______.
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synergism
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_____ occurs when 2 drugs produce a combined effect greater than that of either drug alone or one drug potentiates the other.
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synergism
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When one drug potentiates another it means that it causes the other drug to...
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last longer and have greater effects.
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The reduction/inhibition of drug effects is known as _____.
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antagonism
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_____ is when you give a medication to inhibit or prevent the effect of another. It can decrease the effect or reverse it completely.
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antagonism
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Mechanisms of drug interactions can be by
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-direct physical/chemical interactions
-pharmacokinetic interactions -pharmacodynamic interactions |
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You should never combine 2 drugs in the same cup of syringe unless you know they are compatible because they can inactivate one another. This would be a ______ interaction.
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direct physical
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When one drug affects the absorption, distribution, or excretion of another drug it is called a ______ interaction.
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pharmacokinetic
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Pharmacodynamic interactions are related to...
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antagonists and agonists competing for receptor sites.
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Certain drugs can affect the absorption of _____.
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nutrients
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Some foods can affect the absorption of _____.
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drugs
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An example of a food that affects the absorption of a drug is...
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leafy greens and coumadin
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An example of a drug that affects the absorption of nutrients is...
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diuretics and potassium
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Always check a patient's _____ level before administering a diuretic.
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potassium
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Any noxious, unintended and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses is called ______.
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adverse effect
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A minor and expected adverse effect is a _____.
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side effect
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_____ are immunologic responses.
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Allergic reactions
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When the body forms antibodies after the first exposure to some medication or food, on the second exposure a _____ will occur.
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allergic reaction
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A severe life threatening allergic reaction is called _____.
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anaphylaxis
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_____ is when a client develops a decreased response to a drug therefore a higher dose or frequency is required in order to achieve the same therapeutic effect.
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Tolerance
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A highly unpredictable, uncommon response to a drug that is believed to have a genetic predisposition and therefore is very specific to an individual is called an ______ reaction.
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idiosyncratic
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The accumulation of a drug int he body that can lead to toxic levels and toxic effects is called _____.
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cumulation
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_____ means a drug can cause cancer.
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Carcinogenicity
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_____ means a drug is known to cause birth defects.
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Teratogenicity
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Certain organ systems that may experience adverse effects are:
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-CNS
-GI -Hematologic (blood) -Hepatotoxicity (liver) -Nephrotoxicity (kidneys) |
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4 ways to maximize therapeutic effects are:
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-evaluate therapeutic response
-make good PRN decisions -take supportive measures -patient teaching |
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Examples of PRN decisions that maximize therapeutic effects are:
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-giving pain meds around the clock for first 24-48 hrs
-administering pain meds before mobilizing patient |
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Non-drug measures that can help to maximize the effects of a drug are called ______.
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supportive measures
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3 ways to minimize the adverse effects of a drug are:
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-knowledge about major adverse effects, time to occur, early signs and interventions
-supportive measures -patient education |
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An example of supportive measures that can minimize adverse effects of a drug are:
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when giving medications that irritate the GI tract, administer them with food or milk.
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In order to minimize the adverse effects/interactions of a drug you should have knowledge of...
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-major adverse effects
-time these effects will occur -early signs -interventions |
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Factors that can affect medication action include:
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-age (developmental)
-gender -weight -Basal metabolic rate -diet -environment -psychologic factors -illness and disease -time of administration -culture (genetics) |
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_____ may not have all enzymes present to metabolize all drugs because the kidney and liver functions are insufficient for metabolism and excretion.
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Infants
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_____ people have decreased liver and kidney function, poor circulation, decreased gastric motility and gastric acid secretion, all of which can affect medication action.
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Elderly
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Medications for children are based on their _____.
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weight
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The client's expectation about what a drug will do is referred to as the ______.
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placebo effect
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A psychologic factor that affects medication action is the _____.
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placebo effect
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If a drug is to be give on an empty stomach, it should be administered ____ before a meal of _____ after a meal.
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1 hour
2 hours |
