Pharmacology - Class 3

Front 1

Factors that influence drug concentration

Back 1

1. Absorption

2. Distribution

3. Biotransformation

4. Elimination

Front 2

Transport physiology

Back 2

Transport categories are based on whether energy is required to move a substance across the body's compartments:

1. Active transport

2. Passive transport

Front 3

Active transport

Back 3

Requires energy to move a substance from an area of low concentration go an area of high concentration

Front 4

Mitochondria produce

Back 4

ATP

Front 5

ATP breaks down to

Back 5

ADP producing biochemical energy

This energy is used to facilitate the movement of ions "up" the concentration gradient

Front 6

Passive transport

Back 6

Movement of a substance without the use of energy from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 7

Three processes of passive transport

Back 7

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Filtration

Front 8

Drug absorption

Back 8

The process of movement of a drug from the site of application into the specific target

Front 9

Factors that affect the rate of drug absorption

Back 9

1. Drug solubility

2. Drug concentration

3. Drug pH

4. Site of absorption

5. Absorbing surface area

6. Circulatory status

7. Bioavailability (the amount of medication in systemic circulation)

Front 10

Drug solubility

Back 10

The tendency of a drug to dissolve

Front 11

Drug concentration

Back 11

•Drugs given in high concentration are more quickly absorbed than those in low concentration

•Drugs administered by more than one rout may have various concentrations

Front 12

Drug pH

Back 12

•Acid vs basic (alkaline)

•Acidic drugs are more rapidly absorbed in acidic environments (stomach)

•Basic drugs are more rapidly absorbed in alkaline environments (kidneys)

Front 13

Site of absorption

Back 13

Site of absorption affects the rate of absorption

Front 14

Absorbing surface area

Back 14

Drugs are absorbed more quickly from large surface areas

Front 15

Blood supply to the site of absorption

Back 15

Different body tissues and organs have varied degrees of blood supply

Front 16

Bioavailability

Back 16

The amount of drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue

Front 17

Distribution

Back 17

The process whereby a drug is transported from the site of absorption to the site of action

Front 18

Factors that affect distribution

Back 18

1. Cardiovascular function

2. Regional blood flow

3. Drug storage reservoirs

4. Physiological barriers

Front 19

Distribution - Cardiovascular function

Back 19

Impared cardiovascular function results in slower and unpredictable drug distribution with decreased perfusion and drug delivery

Front 20

Distribution - regional blood flow

Back 20

Regional as well as systemic blood flow can impact drug distribution by causing the drug to not reach all parts of the intended target

Front 21

Distribution - physiological barriers

Back 21

Two main barriers:

blood-brain barrier/blood-cerebrospinal barriers are tightly packed cell membranes that restrict damaging drugs and toxins. Only non protein bound, highly lipid soluble drugs can cross the barriers of the CNS

Front 22

Biotransformation

Back 22

Once in the body, a drug is metabolized or broken down into different chemicals (metabolites)

1. Makes it into a more or less active metabolite

2. Makes it more water soluble (to facilitate eliminafion)

Biotransformation usually occurs in the liver but can also occur in the kidneys, lungs, GI tract

Front 23

Biotransformation: Hepatic "first-pass" metabolism

Back 23

The first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism is the phenomenon which occurs whenever the drug administered orally, enters the liver and suffers extensive biotransformation to such an extent that bioavailability is drastically reduced, thus showing subtherapeutic action

The first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism is the phenomenon which occurs whenever the drug administered orally, enters the liver and suffers extensive biotransformation to such an extent that bioavailability is drastically reduced, thus showing subtherapeutic action

Front 24

Elimination

Back 24

Movement of a drug, or its metabolites from tissues back into circulation and circulation to the organs of excretion

Front 25

Drug half-life

Back 25

The time required for the total amount of a drug in the body to diminish by half

Front 26

Predictable responses

Back 26

Anticipate responses beyond the desired effect

Front 27

Iatrogenic responses

Back 27

An adverse condition inadvertently induced in a patient by the treatment given

Front 28

Therapeutic threshold

Back 28

Is the minimum concentration necessary for a drug to produce it's desired effect

Front 29

Autonomic nervous system

Back 29

Part of the PNS which controls the body's autamatic or involuntary functions such as:

•BP

•Cardiac function

•Bladder

•Temperature

Front 30

Neurochemical transmission

Back 30

•Process of chemical signaling between cells

•Synthesis of chemical signals

•Signals are stored in nerve terminal

•Signals released from the nerve ending

•Signal is bound to a receptor

Front 31

The vagus nerve is the what cranial nerve?

Back 31

10th (Cranial nerve X)

Front 32

Acetylcholine

Back 32

Is the neurotransmitter that initiates PNS responses (enables vagal nerve stimulation)

Front 33

Parasympathetic Nervous system

Back 33

•Decreases HR (normal HR)

•Bronchoconstriction

•Increased GI smooth muscle activity

•Digestive enzymes

•Pupillary constriction (normal pupils)

•Salvation

•Hypotension (normal bp)

•Urine production

Front 34

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 34

•Dry mouth

•Tachycardia

•Increased myocardial contractility

•Hypertension

•Dialated pupils

•Shunting of blood to vital organs/muscles

•Bronchodilation

•Increased sweat glands secretion

•Converts glycogen to glucose

Front 35

Anticholinergic drugs block what?

Back 35

PNS influence

Front 36

Cholinergic drugs mimic what?

Back 36

PNS influence

Front 37

Cholinergic (PNS)

Back 37

Neurons and effector organs activated by acetylcholine are called cholinergic

Front 38

Adrenergic (SNS)

Back 38

Neuronal and effector organs are activated by norepinephrine/epinephrine are called adrenergic

Front 39

Adrenergic drugs cause ..

Back 39

Adrenaline effects in the body

Front 40

Antiadreneric drugs...

Back 40

Block the effects of adrenaline like drugs

Front 41

Epinephrine is a what agonist?

Back 41

Alpha and beta

Front 42

Alpha 1

Back 42

Receptor stimulation causes artery and venous constriction

Front 43

Alpha 2

Back 43

Receptor stimulation blocks norepinephrine release

Front 44

Beta 1

Back 44

Receptor stimulation causes increased force and contractility of the heart

Front 45

Beta 2

Back 45

Receptor stimulation causes bronchodilation in the lungs

Front 46

Sympathomimetics

Back 46

Mimic sympathetic stimulation

Front 47

Agonist

Back 47

Drug that bunds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response

Front 48

Antagonist

Back 48

Drug binds to a site but do not cause the expected response