Personality Psychology Test 3

Front 1

The frequency with which an operant response occurs before the introduction of a reinforcer is called the

Back 1

operant level

Front 2

An operant response that is made under one set of circumstances but not under others is termed a(n):

Back 2

discriminative operant

Front 3

Stimuli that were originally biologically neutral and thus not reinforcing but acquired their reinforcing properties through association with a primary reinforcer are called:

Back 3

secondary reinforcers

Front 4

"Pass the potatoes" is an example of a verbal response called a:

Back 4

mand

Front 5

Individuals working for a fixed weekly or monthly salary are on this type of reinforcement schedule:

Back 5

fixed interval

Front 6

Superstitious behavior results from:

Back 6

noncontingent reinforcement

Front 7

A problem with using punishment to control behavior is that:

Back 7

it indicates what the organism should not do, not what it should do, it can justify inflicting pain on others, it often replaces one undesirable response with another undesirable response

Front 8

According to Skinner, to strengthen a certain response one should:

Back 8

reward it

Front 9

Which of the following is considered a positive contribution made by Skinner's theory:

Back 9

it has widespread applied value

it provides a scientifically rigorous explanation of human behavior

it synthesizes and explains large amounts of information

Front 10

Studies by Greenspoon and Verplanck have confirmed the fact that operant principles:

Back 10

apply to human as well as nonhuman behavior

Front 11

According to operant theory, the best way to teach a complex skill is to:

Back 11

divide the skill into its basic components and gradually shape it into existence one step at a time

Front 12

Stimuli that were originally biologically neutral and thus not reinforcing but acquired their reinforcing properties through association with a primary reinforcer are called:

Back 12

secondary reinforcers

Front 13

The __________ is a verbal command which specifies its own reinforcer:

Back 13

mand

Front 14

With this type of reinforcement schedule, the organism is reinforced for a response made at the end of variable time intervals:

Back 14

variable interval

Front 15

When a certain response must be made in order to make a reinforcer available, the arrangement is called:

Back 15

contingent reinforcement

Front 16

occurs when a response removes something the organism does not want:

Back 16

Negative reinforcement

Front 17

Both positive and negative reinforcement result in a/an:

Back 17

increase in rate of responding

Front 18

Walden Two is a fictitious community created by Skinner to show the effects of cultural engineering. Which of the following is true of Walden Two:

Back 18

children do not live with their parents

education was individualized

women are not involved in cooking, cleaning, and mothering

Front 19

Studies by Greenspoon and Verplanck have confirmed the fact that operant principles:

Back 19

apply to human as well as nonhuman behavior

Front 20

Who demonstrated the ease with which operant principles can be applied to human behavior:

Back 20

Verplanck

Front 21

Extinction occurs when:

Back 21

a reinforcer no longer follows a response

Front 22

Secondary reinforcers that do not depend upon a particular motivational state are called:

Back 22

generalized reinforcers

Front 23

A situation in which what one person says acts as a discriminative stimulus for a response from the second person, and the second person's response not only rewards the first person's response but acts as a discriminative stimulus for another response is a form o

Back 23

chaining

Front 24

This reinforcement schedule controls the behavior of gamblers and produces the highest rate of responding:

Back 24

variable ratio

Front 25

Skinner believed that behavior should be controlled by the use of:

Back 25

positive contingencies

Front 26

Alex has decided to enter into an agreement with another person. Alex will pay that person $100 with the understanding that he (Alex) will get his money back, in $10 installments, as he loses a specified amount of weight each week. This is an example of:

Back 26

a contingency contract

Front 27

Skinner's theory has been criticized for

Back 27

generalizing too freely from nonhuman animals to humans

Front 28

Our "biggest problem" is that our behavior is influenced more by __________ reinforcers than it is by __________ reinforcers:

Back 28

small but immediate . . . large but distant

Front 29

Which of the following explains why we emit learned responses in situations similar to the one in which learning originally occurred:

Back 29

stimulus generalization

Front 30

This reinforcement schedule produces extremely high rates of responding and is thought to characterize individuals doing piecework or working for a commission:

Back 30

fixed ratio

Front 31

Superstitious behavior results from:

Back 31

noncontingent reinforcement

Front 32

What percentage of parents in the United States use corporal punishment on their children:

Back 32

80%

Front 33

What is necessary in order to modify behavior:

Back 33

behavior and reinforcer

Front 34

Skinner's theory has been criticized for all of the following EXCEPT:

Back 34

it has not stimulated much empirical research

Front 35

To the behaviorist, learning principles:

Back 35

are the same for all living organisms

Front 36

Hull's theory of learning is a __________ theory:

Back 36

drive reduction
reinforcement
S-R

Front 37

According to Hull, a newborn child possesses a genetically determined set of responses which is triggered if a need arises. This is called the __________ hierarchy of responses:

Back 37

innate

Front 38

As fear of aggressing toward an object increases, there is an increased tendency to displace to __________ objects:

Back 38

dissimilar

Front 39

__________ is the opposite of generalization:

Back 39

Discrimination

Front 40

Which of the following statements best describes the learning dilemma:

Back 40

no failure, no learning

Front 41

The frustration-aggression hypothesis states that:

Back 41

frustration leads to aggression

Front 42

Which of the following exemplifies cue-producing responses:

Back 42

counting
reasoning
planning

Front 43

According to Dollard and Miller, a neurotic's physical symptoms are learned because they:

Back 43

reduce fear or anxiety

Front 44

Which of the following is considered a contribution made by Dollard and Miller's theory:

Back 44

it successfully synthesized Hullian learning theory and psychoanalysis

Front 45

A parent usually becomes a powerful __________ reinforcer to her or his child:

Back 45

secondary

Front 46

According to Dollard and Miller, if toilet training is not handled properly by the parents, the child may develop feelings of:

Back 46

sinfulness

Front 47

The rearrangement of response probabilities as new conditions emerge or as old conditions change is called:

Back 47

learning

Front 48

Which type of conflict involves only one goal:

Back 48

approach-avoidance

Front 49

The __________ explains why if two or more routes to a goal are available, the shorter route tends to be preferred:

Back 49

gradient of reinforcement

Front 50

Rats aggressing towards a doll when no other rat is present exemplifies:

Back 50

displaced aggression

Front 51

When cue-producing responses are directed at the solution of a future problem the process is called:

Back 51

reasoning

Front 52

Which of the following is considered a contribution made by Dollard and Miller's theory:

Back 52

it has clarified what factors contribute to successful psychotherapy

Front 53

Dollard and Miller consider unconscious processes to be __________ in determining behavior:

Back 53

extremely important

Front 54

For Dollard and Miller, reinforcement is equated with:

Back 54

drive reduction

Front 55

According to Dollard and Miller, there are probably more taboos in our culture related to __________ than there are for any other type of activity:

Back 55

sex

Front 56

A __________ is a stimulus that indicates the appropriate direction that an activity should take:

Back 56

cue

Front 57

Which type of conflict involves only one goal:

Back 57

approach-avoidance

Front 58

The __________ explains why if two or more routes to a goal are available, the shorter route tends to be preferred:

Back 58

gradient of reinforcement

Front 59

According to Dollard and Miller, which of the following is true concerning the original frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Back 59

Frustration leads to aggression

Front 60

Dollard and Miller call images, perceptions, and words:

Back 60

cue-producing responses

Front 61

__________ is the learned response of not thinking thoughts that are unpleasant:

Back 61

Repression

Front 62

Which of the following is a secondary drive:

Back 62

fear

Front 63

The following question, "What should I expect if I act in a certain way?" exemplifies a:

Back 63

behavior-outcome expectancy

Front 64

__________ determines what is worth having:

Back 64

Subjective values

Front 65

Which of the following is thought to be a contribution of social cognitive theory:

Back 65

its emphasis on research that employs human subjects

Front 66

__________ include the complexity and distinctiveness of stimulation:a

Back 66

Attentional processes

Front 67

Bandura, Adams, and Beyer (1977) found that the most accurate predictor of a person's behavior is:

Back 67

a person's perceived self-efficacy

Front 68

When individuals who opt for immediate gratification are shown models who delay gratification, the individuals who originally opted for immediate gratification will:

Back 68

delay gratification

Front 69

Dysfunctional expectancies are difficult to disconfirm because:

Back 69

the defensive behaviors based on them prevent the individual from having the experiences that will disconfirm them

Front 70

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the findings relative to the consistency/inconsistency controversy:

Back 70

The results tend to support the notion that behavior is inconsistent

Front 71

Bandura believes that people behave:

Back 71

rationally

Front 72

According to Mischel, which of the following theorists overemphasized situation variables:

Back 72

Skinner

Front 73

The following question, "What should I expect if I act in a certain way?" exemplifies a:

Back 73

behavior-outcome expectancy

Front 74

Although a person is capable of performing many behaviors and has a strong self-efficacy expectancy, he or she may decide not to translate those expectancies into behavior due to his or her:

Back 74

subjective values

Front 75

Social cognitive theory has been criticized for:

Back 75

not predicting behavior any better than the theories that it criticizes

being too critical of psychoanalytic theory

employing mentalistic concepts in explaining behavior

Front 76

According to social cognitive theory, social cognitive learning person variables are acquired through:

Back 76

observational learning that happens in the present

Front 77

The statement, "I wonder if I am capable of doing what I think needs to be done," exemplifies:

Back 77

perceived self-efficacy

Front 78

When individuals who opt for delayed gratification are shown models who choose immediate gratification, the individuals who originally opted for delayed gratification will tend to:

Back 78

choose immediate gratification

Front 79

Which technique was generally found to be most effective in treating phobias:

Back 79

live modeling with participation

Front 80

Concerning empirical research on the consistency of human behavior, it has been found that using group averages tends to:

Back 80

pool behaviors that are consistent with those that are not

obscure the fact that some individuals are consistent in some ways

lead to the conclusion that human behavior is inconsistent

Front 81

According to social cognitive theory, reinforcement provides the necessary __________ for the development of effective behavior-outcome expectancies:

Back 81

information

Front 82

Mischel believes that the concept of self-control should be defined as:

Back 82

the ability to tolerate a delay in gratification

Front 83

Mischel's major criticism of traditional personality theories is that they emphasize __________ and deemphasize __________ :

Back 83

person variables . . . situation variables

Front 84

Which of the following did Mischel postulate to explain selective attention and the fact that different individuals assign different meanings to their experiences:

Back 84

encoding strategies

Front 85

According to the authors of your text, social cognitive theory is popular today because it:

Back 85

focuses its research on humans

recognizes the importance of language and symbols

is optimistic about the ability of humans to change throughout their lives

Front 86

Bandura's 1965 study utilizing a BoBo doll demonstrated that:

Back 86

humans learn what they observe

Front 87

A person's belief concerning what he or she is capable of doing in a given situation describes his or her:

Back 87

perceived self-efficacy

Front 88

Which self-exonerating mechanism does the statement, I committed the crime so that I could provide necessities for my family, exemplify:

Back 88

moral justification

Front 89

According to social cognitive theory, the main goal of psychotherapy is to:

Back 89

change a client's perceived self-efficacy

Front 90

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the findings relative to the consistency/inconsistency controversy:

Back 90

The results tend to support the notion that behavior is inconsistent

Front 91

According to social cognitive theory, anxiety is caused by:

Back 91

inappropriate performance standards

Front 92

Mischel found the value of the personality coefficient to be about:

Back 92

.30

Front 93

Person variables include a person's:

Back 93

gender
beliefs
physical attractiveness

Front 94

The statement, If I see X, I can expect to see Y, exemplifies a:

Back 94

stimulus-outcome expectancy

Front 95

Social cognitive theory has been criticized for:

Back 95

neglecting important aspects of personality

Front 96

In Bandura's 1965 study utilizing a BoBo doll, it was found that children who saw a model being reinforced for aggression, later displayed aggression themselves when they were given the chance to play with the BoBo doll. This experiment exemplified the influence of:

Back 96

vicarious reinforcement

Front 97

According to social cognitive theory, self-regulated behavior is governed by:

Back 97

one's performance standards (intrinsic reinforcement and punishment)

Front 98

When individuals who opt for delayed gratification are shown models who choose immediate gratification, the individuals who originally opted for delayed gratification will tend to:

Back 98

choose immediate gratification

Front 99

According to Bandura, which of the following is true concerning chance encounters:

Back 99

they are fortuitous
they can have a major impact on one's life
they exemplify another way that the environment can influence behavior

Front 100

Which of the following assumes that human behavior is at least moderately consistent over time and from one situation to a similar situation:

Back 100

psychoanalytic theory

Front 101

A theorist who believes that both person and situation variables influence what a person does at any moment is a(n):

Back 101

interactionist

Front 102

Whether or not a person experiences intrinsic reinforcement or punishment depends on how his or her behavior compares with:

Back 102

his or her performance standards

Front 103

According to Bandura, fortuitous experiences:

Back 103

are unpredictable but can significantly affect a person's life

Front 104

According to social cognitive theory, the best way to remedy dysfunctional expectancies is to provide:

Back 104

powerful disconfirming experiences

Front 105

What concept did Buss label as the “sociobiological fallacy?"

Back 105

The idea that human’s primary goal in life is the perpetuation of genes

Front 106

Darwin defined fitness in terms of:

Back 106

the number of offspring produced by an organism

Front 107

A woman who is not sexually promiscuous and appears selective signals to a prospective long-term mate that:

Back 107

She will be faithful in the future
She will bear his children and not another man’s
She is pursing a long-term relationship exclusively with one man

Front 108

Males strategies have developed to find which of the following traits desirable in females:

Back 108

smooth skin
good muscle tone
bright eyes

Front 109

When a person uses a particular strategy to achieve a goal and another person prevents the successful enactment of that strategy, this is called:

Back 109

Strategic interference

Front 110

Women should be more jealous when:

Back 110

she senses another person is threatening the resources that her mate is providing to her and her offspring

Front 111

A mother might point out physical similarities between a father and a new baby because:

Back 111

It will reduce the uncertainty faced by the father about whether the child is his

Front 112

According to evolutionary psychologists, when the existence of one individual hinders the reproduction of close kin more than it enhances the reproduction of the individual himself, _______ may occur:

Back 112

Suicide

Front 113

According to Buss, phobias involve:

Back 113

Avoidance of the feared situation

Front 114

The assumption that almost everything humans and nonhumans do is the result of evolutionary adaptation is called:

Back 114

Adaptationism

Front 115

According to Buss, our brains and their circuitry evolved over thousands of generations as:

Back 115

Hunter-gatherers

Front 116

According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, what is natural selection?

Back 116

It refers to the fact that environmental demands determine or select which organisms will survive and reproduce

Front 117

Sexually, it is advantageous for females to:

Back 117

be coy
identify and then choose males with the best genes
choose males who will stay with them after they are inseminated

Front 118

According to Buss, it is evolutionarily advantageous for men to engage in long-term mating because:

Back 118

Men are more likely to be sure they are the parent of offspring when they are a part of monogamous long-term relationships

Front 119

Buss found that in seeking a mate, men tend to value __________ most highly whereas women tend to value __________ most highly:

Back 119

physical attractiveness . . . resources

Front 120

According to Buss, jealousy is an evolutionary adaptation that protects:

Back 120

Long-term relationships

Front 121

Helping behavior that is extended to those to whom we are genetically related is called:

Back 121

Kin selection

Front 122

According to evolutionary psychologists, anorexia nervosa can be viewed as adaptive because it is:

Back 122

a strategy to delay or permanently prevent pregnancy
a means to allow a woman to protect potential offspring from a hazardous environment
a migratory response to resource shortages in a particular territory

Front 123

Which of the following is a common criticism of evolutionary psychology:

Back 123

Evolutionary psychology justifies the status quo

Front 124

Who accepted the drive-discharge model of aggression:

Back 124

Freud

Front 125

Which of the following would a man find particularly unattractive when pursuing a short-term mate:

Back 125

A need for commitment

Front 126

A man is most likely to use deception when:

Back 126

He is looking for a casual sexual encounter and a woman is looking for commitment

Front 127

______ leads to fierce competition among males in order to gain access to mates:

Back 127

Effective polygyny

Front 128

Lumsden and Wilson find it interesting that most phobias involve things that:

Back 128

were potentially dangerous in the environment in which humans evolved

Front 129

Critics of evolutionary psychology claim that it:

Back 129

Uses scientific means to justify sexism or racism

Front 130

Buss claims that evolutionary psychology links psychology with:

Back 130

The life sciences

Front 131

According to Hamilton’s rule, if we are to risk our resources for a niece or nephew, the benefit of an act must be more than __ times the cost:

Back 131

4

Front 132

According to evolutionary psychologists, a key concept in explaining suicide is:

Back 132

inclusive fitness