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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the Immune system?
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Recognize and remove undesirable material
Recognize self from non-self |
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All cells in the body have tags. What are tags?
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- It is a glycoprotien that sticks out of the membrane.
- They are called Self Antigens which the body does not attack. |
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What is the first line of defense?
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Skin - thick layers of stratified epithelium
Mucosa - lining of oral cavities, and eyes. |
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What is the second line of defense?
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Macrophages/Phagocytes - Cells which don't care if its a bacteria or virus.
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What are Macrophages a mature form of what?
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Monocytes
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Which do neutrophils attack?
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Viruses
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What are complimentary proteins?
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Proteins that join together and fight the infection or whatever.
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What is the third line of defense?
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Adaptive defense system
This one mounts attack against particular foreign substances |
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What are the two cells involved in the adaptive defense system?
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Lymphocytes (T and B)
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What is MALT?
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Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue - in your intestines
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Where do you make T cells and B cells.
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Thymus and Bone
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What are the nonspecific cellular devices that the body uses?
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- Phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
- Antimicrobial proteins in blood and tissue fluid - Inflammatory response enlists macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and chemicals |
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What are the glycoprotiens called? When do you have to worry about them?
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MHC and HLA. Tissue grafts (donating organs or tissue or receiveing)
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What are phagocytes in the liver and brain?
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Kupffer cells and Microglia.
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When are neutrophils phagocytic?
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When they encounter infectious material. (bacteria)
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Eosinophils are phagocytic, but...
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They are weakly phagocytic.
Eosinophils are more concerned with paracides |
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When are interferons released? They are a kind of [blank]
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The cells that are infected and are ready to die, they release interferon.
Protein. |
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Interferon are used for what cancers? How are they used?
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Bladder cancer.
You coat the bladder with Interferon for around 2 months with BCJ vaccine. |
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How does your body first start making interferon?
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By way of infection. Your cells have to be affected first in order for the gene to be activated to make interferon.
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What does interferon do to neighboring cells?
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It stimulates antiviral proteins to be made by the unaffected cell.
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What types of interferon do Lympocytes, most other WBC's, and Fibroblasts secrete?
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Gamma
Alpha Beta |
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What is an activating function of interferon?
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Interferons also activate macrophages and mobilize NKs
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How many compliment proteins do we have?
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20
C1-C9 |
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How do compliment proteins work?
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In their active form, they join together and form a channel in the membrane of a bacteria and that causes lysis of the bacteria.
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Where is C-Reactive Protein produced in?
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The liver
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What are the three kinds of proteins circulating in the blood?
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Interferon
Complement CRP |
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What does the high present of CRP in the blood show?
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Chronic Inflammation and heart problems (heart attacks).
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What are the two separate but overlapping arms of the adaptive immune system?
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Humoral and Cell Mediated
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What do B cells and T cells do?
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B Cells - use antibodies
T Cells - attack cells |
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What are the functions of the adaptive immune system?
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Recognize and attack foreign invaders, and amplifies the inflammatory response.
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What is an antigen?
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Substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response.
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What is Immunogenicity?
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s the ability of a substance- like an antigen- to provoke an immune response by producing antibodies.
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What is Reactivity?
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Ability to react, by binding to the antibodies.
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Every cell in the body has MHC. Are they antigenic?
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No, they are not. The body should learn to ignore it and not make antibodies against it.
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Where are Class II MHC proteins found?
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Found only on the T Cell and B cells and other immune cells.
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What do T-Cells attack?
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Any cell with a foreign antigen attached to it.
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What are APC's?
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They are antigen presenting cells. They release cytokins which activates T cells and B cells.
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What are the 4 kinds of T cells?
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Helper T Cell-
Cytotoxic T Cell - binds to any cells that have any antigen that is on top of it, even your own cells. |
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What does the bone marrow produce?
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All WBCs
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Function of Neutrophils
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Kills bacteria
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Function of Eosinophils
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Kills paracites
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Function of Lymphocutes
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Attacks any foreign invader
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Function of Basophils/Mast cells
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Release histamine
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Function of Monoctyes
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Becomes macrophages and they phagocytos
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Function of Suppresor T Cells
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suppresses your immune system.
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Function of Memory T Cells
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The next time you have a foreign invaders, you dont have to go through the process of Antigen Presenting Cells. So you can simply go and attack the recognized invaders.
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What are immunoglobulins?
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Antibodies
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What is the most common type of antibody?
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IgG; it gets passed on from the mother to the baby through the placenta (passive immunity)and through the mothers milk.
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What is the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th most common.
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IgE
IgM IgA IgD |
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What is IgM released by?
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Plasma cells.
They are pentamers; meaning you need all 5 to be activated. |
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What is the function of IgA?
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They are usually found in the saliva. They prevent the attachment of pathogens to the epithelial surface.
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What is the function of IgE?
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They bind to Mast cells to release histamines.
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What are two different types of specific immunity? What types of cells do they use?
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Humoral and Cell Mediated.
Humoral uses B Cells. Cell mediated uses T cells. |
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When B cells make antibodies they are called....
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Plasma cells
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Some of the plasma cells become...
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Memory cells
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What activates the B Cells?
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I DONT KNOW. ASK ANAM.
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What are the types of T Cells?
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Helper
Cytotoxic Supperssor Memory |
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How are helper T Cells different from Cytotoxic T Cells?
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Helper T cells have an antigen named CD4 while Cytotoxic has CD8.
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Why is CD4 so important?
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HIV virus attaches to the CD4.
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If the helper T cells dont activate the B cells what happens?
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You cannot mass produce antibodies.
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If helper T cells are not there to activate the cytotoxic T cells what happens?
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Infected cells will not die.
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What are helper T Cells activated by? How?
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APC; direct activation or releasing cytokines.
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What is the primary immune response?
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It is where the person is first introduced to the antigen. This allows the antigen to be recognized, processed, and antibody development. This way the T Cells are sensitized to the antigen.
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How long does primary immune response take to be active?
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This process takes 10 days to 3 weeks.
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Lets say you are exposed to a virus you've never seen before...what happens?
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APC's activate B cells and T cells and the the Helper T cells which activate B cells and the B Cells start making antibodies.
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What is Secondary immune response?
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re-exposure to the same antigen.
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How long does it take for the body to make the maximum number of antibodies after exposure to infectious material?
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10 days
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What is active immunity?
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When you get a virus, and YOU actually make antibodies. It is naturally acquired.
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In artificial acquired immunity how do you make artificual virus?
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Take the virus, remove the infection portion of it its RNA, and inject it to the person and let the body treat it as a primary response. So when you get the same virus again, your body makes a lot more antibodies.
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What is passive immunity?
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Differs from active because you are not making antibodies because B cells were never challenged by antigens. You have no memory, no plasma cells that know how to make it. Mother passes on to child.
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What is the downside of passive immunity?
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The acquired antibodies from the mother have a half-life and die out. So the immune system does not know how to make them because there are not memory or plasma cells.
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What are the different types of tissue transplants?
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Autograph –If you have autografts from one part of yourself, to another part of yourself. Best type. They do this when you have surgery for arthritis – taking bone stem cells from one part to regernetate bone growth.
Isograft – identical twins Allografts – human to human Xenograft – animal parts to human |
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How do you prevent rejection of tissue?
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Look at the MHC or HLA and try to match them.
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How many types of hypersensitive are there?
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4
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If you have constant allergys what happens?
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You have tissue damage.
Allergies are an inflammation response. |
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Type 1 hypersensitivity is...
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acute, comes on rapidly. Begins within seconds. Not chronic.
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Antibody mediated allergies are...
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immediate. they are the ones that cause subaccute hypersensitivity (comes and goes quickly).
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Cell mediated immunity allergies are...
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delayed
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Anaphylaxis is a) symptomatic or b) asymptomatic?
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Asymptomatic. First time you get it you have no reaction. 2nd time your body reacts right away.
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What is something you need right away in response to anaphylactic shock?
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You need to have epinephrine right away for bronchial constriction.
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Explain the process of hypersensitivity.
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T Cells make IL4. IL4 stimulates B Cells to make IgE. IgE binds to Mast Cells and Basophills which causes them to degranulate. This deganulation releases histamines (vasodilation, increase CP)
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Which immunoglobulin are high when you have allergic response?
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IgE
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Study this
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okay
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What are the symptoms of Anaphylaxia?
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Runny nose, itching red skin, watery eyes.
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What happens if the allergen is inhaled?
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You have symptoms that mimics asthma.
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What happens if the allergen is injested?
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Cramping, vomiting, or diarrhea
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What is a good medication to counter the effects of Anaphylaxia?
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Antihistamines.
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What causes anaphylactic shock?
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Insect bite or injection.
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During anaphylactic shock, there are lots of __________ in the blood due to the ____ and ____ cells. This is bad because....
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Histamine
Basophils and Mast Cells. Can cause death. |
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What are treatments for anaphylactic shock?
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Epinephrine, but antihstamine and glucocorticoids work too.
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What is the 2nd type of hypersensitivity? This is a ______ mediated reaction...
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Type II - cytotoxic.
Cell mediated reaction. |
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What is the most common cause of this type of hypersensitivity?
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Blood transfusion.
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What is the 3rd type of hypersensitivity?
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Autoimmune disorders - This is were the self-antibodies that have formed. Where the bodies own antibodies binds to the antigens, but the antigens are in your own tissue.
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What are the two ways of type three hypersensitivity?
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1. Antibodies binding to self-antigens.
2. Making antibodies against the nucleus. |
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What is the process of Type 3 Hypersensitivity?
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Selfantigen binds with the antibodies, which forms a complex. This complex that forms and deposits and it becomes activated. Then we have inflammation and tissue damage.
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What is type IV hypersensitivity??
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Delayed Hypersensitivities.
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What is the process of Delayed Hypersensitivities?
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Onset is 1-3 days. This is mediated by T cells. Cytotoxic cells release cytokines and tissue is damaged. Lymphokines are then released. Then you have inflammation.
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What is an exmaple of type IV?
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Poision Ivy, tissue rejection
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What drug is useful, and what drug is used, for type IV?
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Antihistamines
corticosteroid |
