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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The system comprising the skin & its accessory organs (hair, nails, & glands): |
Integumentary System |
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One of the largest organs, protects the body from trauma, infections, and toxic chemicals: |
The skin |
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When exposed to sunlight, the skin synthesizes _______ _______. |
Vitamin D |
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Within the skin are millions of tiny nerve endings called _____. |
receptors |
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The tiny little nerve endings, called receptors, sense _____, _____, _____, and _____. |
touch, pressure, pain, temperature |
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The skin also assists in the regulation of ____ _____ and in _____. |
body temperature, excretion |
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The skin has three main structural layers: |
Epidermis (AKA - Outer Layer), Dermis (AKA - Corium or Middle Layer), Subcutaneous Layer |
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Epidermis
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Outer Layer
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Dermis
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Corium or Middle Layer
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Subcutaneous Layer
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Thick-fat layer of skin. |
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Is a thin, cellular, multilayered membrane that is responsible for the production of Keratin and melanin: |
Epidermis (AKA - Outer Layer)
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Is a dense, fibrous layer of connective tissue that gives skin its strength and elasticity: |
Dermis (AKA - Corium or Middle Layer)
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A thick, fat-containing section that insulates the body against heat loss: |
The Subcutaneous Layer
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The epidermis (Outer layer) is responsible for the production of _____ and _____.
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Keratin, Melanin
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What is found within the dermis layer of the skin? |
* Blood * Lymph Vessels * Nerve Fibers * Hair Follicles * Sweat Glands * Sebaceous Glands |
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Skin diseases are frequently manifested by what? |
* Cutaneous Lesions * Alterations of the Skin Surface |
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TRUE OR FALSE The diagnosis of a cutaneous disease is often based on the appearance of a specific type of lesion or group of lesions. |
TRUE |
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Small, flat circumscribed lesion of a different color than the normal skin |
Macule |
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Small, firm, elevated lesion |
Papule |
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Palpable elevated lesion; varies in size
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Nodule |
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Elevated erythematous lesion, usually containing early purulent exudate
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Pustule |
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Elevated thin-walled lesion containing clear fluid (blister)
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Vesicle |
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Large, slightly elevated lesion with flat surface, often topped by scale
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Plaque |
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Dry, rough surface or dried exudate or blood
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Crust |
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Thick, dry, rough surface (leatherlike)
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Lichenification |
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Raised, irregular, and increasing mass of collagen resulting from excessive scar tissue formation
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Keloid |
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Small, deep, linear crack or tear in skin
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Fissure |
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Cavity with loss of tissue from the epidermis and dermis, often weeping or bleeding
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Ulcer |
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Shallow, moist cavity in epidermis
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Erosion |
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Mass of sebum, keratin, and debris blocking the opening of a hair follicle
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Comedo |
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Common presenting symptoms that need attention from healthcare professionals include:
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*Cutaneous lesions or erruptions
*Pruritus (itching) *pain *edema (swelling) *erythema (redness) *inflammation |
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Many skin conditions are known to be aggravated by __________.
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Stress
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____________, the skin is more important to parents. |
Cosmetically
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Much time and money is spent pursuing "_________" and disguising the aging of the skin.
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Beauty
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True or false
Patients with skin conditions may feel anxious about their appearance. |
True
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True or false
The treatment of many skin diseases is tedious, requiring strict compliance! |
True
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Patient _________ and ________ ________ reduced the patient's anxiety encourage good adherence to the treatment plan.
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education, psychological support
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Inflammation of the skin, or ________ ,occurs the many types or forms.
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Dermatitis
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__________ is manifested by pruritus, erythema, and the appearance of various cutaneous lesions.
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Dermatitis
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The more common forms of dermatitis are:
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seborrheic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis (eczema).
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One of the most common skin disorders, is an inflammatory condition of the sebaceous, or oil glands:
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Seborrheic dermatitis
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True or false
All forms of dermatitis can be acute, subacute, or chronic. |
True
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Sebaceous glands are also called?
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Oil glands
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Is marked by a gradual increase in the amount of, and a change in the quality of, the sebum produced by the sebaceous glands:
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Signs of Seborrheic dermatitis
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Areas with the greatest number of sebaceous glands are:
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Scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, sides of nose, the area behind the ears, the middle of the chest
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The affected skin of seborrheic dermatitis is reddened and covered by ________, _______-________ scales.
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Yellowish, greasy-appearing scales
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Seborrheic dermatitis can occur at any age, but it's most common during infancy when it is called __________ _________.
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Cradle cap
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Cradle cap usually clears without treatment by what age?
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8-12 months |
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Seborrheic dermatitis occurs at a higher rate in adults with disorders of the ____ ____ ____, such as Parkinson's disease.
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Central nervous system
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Who appears to be more prone to seborrheic dermatitis?
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* Patients recovering from stressful medical conditions, such as myocardial infarct (heart attack)
* Patients who have been confined to hospitals or nursing homes for long stays * Patients who have a immune system disorders such as AIDS |
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The most intense form of seborrheic dermatitis:
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Psoriasis
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This condition is idiopathic, has a gradual onset, and may be caused by a yeastlike organism called Pityrosporum:
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etiology of Seborrheic dermatitis |
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One of the more effective methods of treatment for seborrheic dermatitis, is the use of a low-strength ______ or _____ _____ applied topically to the affected area.
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Cortisone, hydrocortisone cream
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Treatment of cradle cap involves what?
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Gentle massage of the scalp to loosen scales and improve circulation, shampooing with mild soap, brushing with a soft brush, mineral oil can be applied to the scalp and warm cloth used to cover the child's scalp for approximately an hour.
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Is an acute inflammation response of the skin triggered by exogenous chemical or substance:
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Contact dermatitis
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Is caused by either the action of irritants on the skin's surface or by contact with a substance that causes an allergic response:
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Signs of Contact dermatitis
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Symptoms include erythema, edema, and small vesicles that itch, burn, or sting:
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Symptoms of Contact dermatitis
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Many substances can induced contact dermatitis including plants such as:
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Poison ivy, oak, or sumac
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True or false
Poison ivy maybe spread as an airborne irritant by burning plants. |
True
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Other irritants are dyes used in soaps, facial and toilet tissue; other dyes, latex, furs, preservatives, drugs, detergents, cleaning compounds, cosmetics, chemicals, acids and certain metals (such as nickel, used to make jewelry.) Solar radiation and other forms of radiation including exposure through a tanning bed. These can all be causes of:
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Can be causes of contact dermatitis |
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Contact dermatitis develops in three ways:
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1) Irritation
2) sensitization 3) photoallergy |
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Psoriasis
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red patches covered with silvery scales
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Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
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inflammation of the skin
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more common in persons with family history of allergic reaction• seen on face, neck, elbows, knees, upper trunk; with pruritus• Rash; vesicular and exudative• ETIO-idiopathic• tx-topical cortisone
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(eczema) Atopic dermatitis
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• red patches covered with silvery scales• seen on scalp, elbows, knees, trunk• ETIO-genetic, bay be autoimmune disorder• dx-white silvery scales• tx- ultraviolet light, steroid cream, coal tar
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Psoriasis
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Uticaria = hives
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• wheals form• tx-antihistamines
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Rosacea
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• Redness in areas where people blush• no cure, medications can help
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Acne Vulgaris
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Vulgaris, Inflammation disease of sebaceous glands and hair follicles• comedones (blackheads)• ETIO-unknown; hormonal• tx- antibiotics, keratolytic agents, vitamin A related medication
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Acne Vulgaris
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Inflammation disease of sebaceous glands and hair follicles
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comedones
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(blackheads)
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Herpes zoster = shingles
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viral infection; painful vesicles
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band-like unilateral pattern along peripheral nerve or dermatomes• ETIO-cause is varicella-zoster virus; same virus that causes chicken pox• tx-comfort, antivirals
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Herpes zoster = shingles
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Impetigo
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contagious disease, skin infection,
vesicles or pustules become crusted |
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Seen more commonly in children• ETIO-staph or strep (bacteria)• tx- antibiotics, proper cleaning• prevention-good hygiene, hand washing
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Impetigo
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Dermatophytoses
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fungal infections of the skin; also called tinea
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cellulitis
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bacterial infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue
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carbuncle
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large or several furuncle
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furuncle
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boil, abscess of hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue
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Tinea capitis
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Scaly lesions of scalp
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Tinea corporis
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Ringworm
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Tinea unguium
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fungal injections of nail
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Tinea pedis
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athletes foot
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Tinea cruris
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groin area
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Decubitus ulcers
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pressure sore or bed sore• localized area of dead skin (3 layers are affected)• shiny, reddened skin over bony area• Etio.-lack of blood supply to area• tx-topical agents
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scabies
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highly contagious• burrow under skin, causes rash• intense pruritus, worse at night
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pediculosis
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lice• nits in hair skin or clothing• highly contagious, intense pruritus
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Seborrheic keratosis
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pasted onto skin
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Dermatofibroma
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slightly raised, pinkish brown (fibrous reaction)
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kerat0acanthoma
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smooth red dome-shaped
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keloids
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large thick scars
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sebaceous cysts
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thick fluids
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actinic keratosis
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in thick areas exposed to sunlight, pre-malignant lesions
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basal cell carcinoma
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common type of cancer• in sun-exposed areas• basal cell warning signs in book; 5 listed• basal is the deepest layer of epidermis• tx-surgical removal
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squamous cell carcinoma
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epithelial layer• crusted area, inflamed base; nonhealing ulcer; or firm papule• etio-chronic exposure to UV radiation• fair skin and light-colored eyes higher risk• sometimes metastasizes• tx-surgical excision, cryosurgery, etc.
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malignant melanoma
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affects women more than men• median age of dx is 53 years old• sx-change in new mole or in old mole• etio- 95% from over exposure to sun• persons with blonde or red hair, fair, blue eyes at higher risk• family hx or previous skin cancer has higher risk• tx-wide margin excision, lymph node, dissection, chemotherapy, radiation
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most serious of skin cancers
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malignant melanoma
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albinism
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no melanin produced by melanocytes; inherited condition
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hemangiomas
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benign tumor of proliferating blood vessels
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nevi
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moles
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alopecia
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absense of hair
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folliculitis
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inflammation of hair follicles
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verrucae
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warts
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paronychia
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infection of the skin around nail
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A __________ ________, commonly called a pressure ulcer or bed sore, is a localized area of dead skin that can affect the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers.
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Decubitus Ulcer
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Signs of shiny, reddened skin appearing over a bony prominence in individuals with prolonged immobilization.
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An early sign of a decubitus ulcer
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They are caused by the impairment or lack of blood supply to the affected area of skin.
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cause of decubitus ulcers
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itch mites (scabies), lice (pediculosis)
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two most common parasitic insects to infest humans
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head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis), body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis), pubic, or crab, louse (Phthirus pubis) |
three species of human lice
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Pruritus, Crawling of skin (sensation), Rash, intense itching (worse at night), can occur anywhere on the body (usually on hands, breasts, armpits, waistline, genital area)
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signs and symptoms of scabies
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Pruritus, Crawling of skin (sensation), Rash or Wheals, Nits (Eggs) on hair shafts, skin, or clothing.
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signs and symptoms of lice
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Scabies and lice are not contagious.
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False
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Remove mites, lice, nits (special shampoo/creams/lotions). Eliminate pruritus. Provide emotional support to patient, family & contacts. Treat environment to prevent reinfestation.
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treatment for scabies and lice
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__________ ___________ are benign growths originating in the epidermis, clinically appearing as tan-brown, greasy papules or plaques and having the appearance of being pasted on the skin.
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Seborrheic keratoses
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A sudden increase in seborrheic keratosis may indicate certain malignancies, especially ___________ ___________.
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internal malignancy (like in the stomach) |
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Dermatofibromas are found particularly on the front of the __________ __________. They are thought to be caused by fibrous reactions to _________ infections. They are more common in ____________.
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lower leg, viral, women |
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A ________ is a smooth, red, dome-shaped papule with a central crust that usually appears singly. They are generally seen in people in their _________.
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keratoacanthoma, 60's
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face, chest, scalp, base of the ears & any other area where sebaceous glands are
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areas of the body are sebaceous cysts usually found on
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An ___________ is another name for a skin tag. They are found mainly in the _________, on the ________, and on ________ areas of the body. The are attached to the body on a short _________.
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acrochordon, axilla, neck, inguinal, stalk
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__________ ___________ are common premalignant lesions are are seen on sun-exposed areas of the body.
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Actinic karatoses
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What is the most prevalent form of cancer worldwide?
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basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
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3 common forms of skin cancer
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basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), malignant carcinoma
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the most common sites of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
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The sun-exposed areas: face, scalp, ears, back, chest, arms, chest, back of the hands.
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* Shiny, pearly white, pink, red or translucent, bump or nodule. Blood vessels may appear on surface. * Sore that bleeds, heals, and recurs. May be associated with ulceration & crusting. * Reddish, irritated area, usually on the back, shoulders, extremities, or chest that may or may not be painful or cause pruritus. * Smooth growth with an indented center & elevated, rolled edge, or border. * Scarlike area, often with poorly defined edges, that is white, yellow, or waxy in appearance. |
5 ways that a basal cell carcinoma may present itself
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Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas never metastasize.
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False, but it's rare if it does..
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____________is an important feature that distinguishes squamous cell carcinoma from basal cell carcinoma.
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Hyperkeratosis
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____________ __________ arises in epidermal melanocytes, cells that make the brown pigment, melanin.
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Malignant melanoma
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Most melanomas are _________ lesions. They are most common on the ________ of men and the _________ of women.
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solitary, backs, legs
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Change in a newly pigmented area of the skin or change in mole that may have been present since birth or childhood.: * Change in size (sudden or continuous enlargement), * Change in color (multiple shades of tan, brown, & black. Mixing of red, white, & blue; or spreading of color from the border into adjacent skin. * Change in shape (development of an irregular, notched border of an area with a previous regular border. * Change in elevation (of a previously flat pigmented area) * Change in surface (Scaliness, erosion, oozing, crusting, bleeding) * Change in surrounding skin (redness, swelling, development of colored areas adjacent to , but not part o the pigmented area) * Change in sensation (Tenderness, pain, pruritus) * Change in consistency (softening or hardening) |
the most common symptoms of melanoma
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What is the treatment of choice for melanoma?
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Complete excision of the cancerous lesion with wide margins.
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The prognosis of melanoma can be indicated by the level of _______ ________ a tumor marker. It can also be indicated by tumor thickness, called the ____________ thickness.
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S-100 protein, Breslow
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Name and briefly describe the ABCDEs of malignant melanoma. |
A =Asymmetry (lack of equality in the diameter), B = Border (notched, scalloped, indistinct), C = Color (uneven, variegated - ranging from an, brown, or black to red & white), D = Diameter (usually larger than 6mm), E = Evolving (Any change in size, shape, color, elevation or another trait, or any new symptom such as bleeding, itching, or crusting points to anger.) |
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______________ is a rare inherited condition in which the melanocytes are unable to produce melanin. It is usually accompanied by ________ problems.
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Albinism, eye
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_____________ is a possible autoimmune condition that produces pale irregular patches of skin, often evenly located on one side of the body.
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Vitiligo
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__________ or chloasma occurs in women during hormonal changes, such as pregnancy or with oral contraceptive use.
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Melasma
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_________ are benign lesions of proliferating blood vessels in the dermis that produce a red, blue, or purple color.
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Hemangiomas
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Hemangiomas or nevus flammeus
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Known as the 'portwine stain' - dark red/purple, usually located on the face.
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________ or moles are small dark area of skin composed of dense collections of melanocytes, some may contain hair, and they occasionally may become malignant.
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Nevi
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Bright red, protruding, rough surface
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Strawberry Hemangiomas
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red/purple, smooth, dome-shaped, small papule 2-5mm in diameter.
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Cherry Hemangiomas
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________ is a fungal infection that causes patches of flaky, light, or dark skin to develop on the trunk of the body.
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Pityriasis |
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_________ is the loss of absence of hair, especially on the scalp.
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Alopecia (baldness)
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In most cases, baldness is a result of the aging process or heredity. It can, however, be a consequence of certain systemic illnesses, such as _______ diseases, _________ _________ ______, _____________, or an ______________ disease.
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thyroid, iron deficiency anemia, syphilis, autoimmune |
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minoxidil (Rogaine), finasteride (Propecia) - this can't be taken by child-bearing women., wearing a wig or toupee, hair transplant. * Alopecia areata treated with superpotent topical steroids or intralesional injection with triamcinolone. |
treatments for alopecia
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___________ is an inflammatory reaction of the hair follicles that produces erythemic, pustular lesions. It is caused by a bacterial infection of ___________ __________.
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Folliculitis, Staphylococcus aureus
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___________ and ___________ are extremely common, localized hyperplastic areas of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis.
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Corns, Calluses
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These have a glassy core, small (less than 1/5"), more painful, develops on toes, Tenderness/pain over affected area...
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Corns
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These are large (up to 1"), develop on balls of foot & palms of hands. Tenderness/pain over affected area.
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Calluses
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_________ or warts are elevated growths of the epidermis that result from hyperplasia.
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Verrucae
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Warts are caused by the ___________ virus.
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HPV
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conditions that may cause nail discoloration
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bacteria, anemia, chronic hepatic disease, infections of the cardiac valves, systemic lupus erythematosus, and dermatomyositis, vitamin and mineral deficiencies and injury.
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A _________ is infection of the skin around a nail.
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paronychia
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In acute paronychia, when the nail fold is affected, a blister or pus called a _________ develops beside the nail.
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whitlow
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