Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Poultry |
What is the definitive host of Eimeria tenella? |
|
|
Gut epithelial cells |
What cells do Eimeria tenella invade? |
|
|
Oocyst or sporozoites |
What stage of Eimeria tenella's life cycle is infective to the chicken? |
|
|
Dysentery |
What disease does Eimeria tenella cause? |
|
|
Cat |
What is the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii? |
|
|
Other mammals (humans) |
What is the intermediate host for Toxoplasma gondii? |
|
|
Oocyst or zoitocyst |
What stage of Toxoplasma gondii is infective to the definitive host (cat)? |
|
|
Toxoplasmosis |
What disease does Toxoplasma gondii cause? |
|
|
Enteroepithelial cycle |
What stage of Toxoplasma gondii's life cycle occurs only in the cat? |
|
|
Muscle Brain Lymph nodes Macrophages |
What other tissues can Toxoplasma gondii invade after the epithelial cells? |
|
|
13% of the world and some reach 50% |
What percent of the world is infected with toxoplasma gondii? |
|
|
Flu like symptoms in humans |
What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis in humans? |
|
|
Tachyzoite production |
What phase of Toxoplasma gondii's life cycle occurs during the acute phase? |
|
|
Yes |
Is Toxoplasmosis transplacental? |
|
|
Bradyzoite Zoitocyst formation |
What phase of Toxoplasma gondii's life cycle occurs during the chronic phase? |
|
|
Cell mediated is most important Humoral is slightly involved |
What immune response is associated with toxoplasma gondii? |
|
|
Yes |
Can you get premunition from toxoplasma gondii? |
|
|
No |
Does toxoplasma gondii cause inflammation? |
|
|
Bradyzoites can reactivate causing damage to brain, blindness, heart |
What effect does Toxoplasma gondii have on immunocompromised people? |
|
|
Cook meat Freeze at -14 C for several hours kills zoitocysts Clean litter box Pregnant women should avoid cats |
How do you treat and control Toxoplasma gondii? |
|
|
Carnivores |
What is the definitive host of Sarcocystis? |
|
|
Herbivores |
What is the intermediate host for Sarcocystis? |
|
|
Cryptosporidiosis |
What disease does cryptosporidium parvum cause? |
|
|
Reptiles Mammals Birds |
What are the hosts for Cryptosporidium parvum? |
|
|
Gut epithellium and lungs |
What cells do cryptosporidium parvum invade in the host? |
|
|
Fecal contamination |
How do humans contract cryptosporidiosis? |
|
|
Diarrhea |
In AIDs patients, what does cryptosporidiosis cause? |
|
|
Lungs (extracellular) |
What part of the body does Pneumocystis carinii invade? |
|
|
Pneumocystis pneuomnia |
What disease does Pneumocystis carinii cause? |
|
|
Anopheles |
What is the vector for all plasmodium? |
|
|
Primates |
What are the reservoir hosts for plasmodium? |
|
|
Sporozoite |
What stage of plasmodium life cycle is infective to the host? |
|
|
Liver cells |
What cells of the body do sporozoites of plasmodium invade? |
|
|
Macro/microgametocytes |
What stage of plasmodium life cycle is infective to the vector (Anopheles)? |
|
|
Yes |
Does plasmodium form a cyst? |
|
|
Young red blood cells (reticulocytes) |
What RBC's of the host does Plasmodium vivax invade? |
|
|
Benign Tertian Malaria |
What disease does plasmodium vivax cause? |
|
|
48 hour cycle |
How long does the infective cycle of plasmodium vivax take? |
|
|
Relapses |
What role do hypnozoites play in benign Tertian malaria? |
|
|
43% |
What percent of malaria causes is plasmodium vivax responsible for? |
|
|
50% |
What percent of malaria cases is plasmodium falciparum responsible for? |
|
|
Malignant Tertian Malaria |
What disease does plasmodium falciparum cause? |
|
|
RBC's of all ages |
What kind of RBC's do plasmodium falciparum invade? |
|
|
2 nuclei |
What makes the ring stage of plasmodium falciparum unique? |
|
|
Plasmodium falciparum |
What plasmodium forms "knobs" in RBC's? |
|
|
Quartan malaria |
What disease does plasmodium malariae cause? |
|
|
6-7% |
What percent of malaria cases is plasmodium malariae responsible for? |
|
|
72 hour life cycle |
How long is the life cycle for plasmodium malariae? |
|
|
48 hours |
How long is the life cycle for plasmodium falciparum? |
|
|
Old RBC |
What cells of the host does plasmodium malariae infect? |
|
|
Mild Tertian Malaria |
What disease does plasmodium ovale cause? |
|
|
Plasmodium ovale |
What parasite causes the mildest form of malaria? |
|
|
Shed parasite antigens bind with RBC TNF: spleen removes uninfected RBC Defective bone marrow response Loss of iron bound in hemozoin |
How do the plasmodiums cause anemia? |
|
|
Knobs of infected RBC bind with uninfected RBC and they all lyse |
How does plasmodium falciparum ALSO cause anemia? |
|
|
Feeling of intense cold Nausea Vomiting Followed within 1 hour by high fever and intense back ache Lasts 8-12 hours Inflammatory response |
What are the symptoms of diseases causes by plasmodium? |
|
|
Plasmodium falciparum |
What is the only plasmodium to have the symptomatic phase last longer than 8-12 hours? |
|
|
Plasmodium falciparum |
What plasmodium causes cerebral malaria? |
|
|
Progressive headache followed by coma (80% death rate) Temperature rises above 108 Hypoxia Release of nitric oxide (may disrupt signals) |
What are the symptoms of cerebral malaria? |
|
|
Plasmodium falciparum |
What is the only plasmodium that causes pulmonary edema? |
|
|
Fluid in lungs (fatal) |
What are the symptoms of pulmonary edema? |
|
|
Plasmodium falciparum |
What plasmodium that causes algid malaria? |
|
|
Shock Circulatory collapse Low BP Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Septicemia |
What are the symptoms of algid malaria? |
|
|
Plasmodium falciparum |
What plasmodium causes blackwater fever? |
|
|
Lysis of RBC Black urine Renal failure Vomitting 20-50% fatal |
What are the symptoms of blackwater fever? |
|
|
Yes |
Can you get premunition from plasmodium diseases? |
|
|
No |
Is premunition of plasmodium diseases passed onto offspring? |
|
|
2-3 months olds |
At what age are infants completely immune to plasmodium diseases? |
|
|
At weaning (when not supplied mother's milk) |
When is immunity to plasmodium diseases lost in infants? |
|
|
Humoral immune response ADCC |
What is the immune response to plasmodium sporozoites? |
|
|
Cell mediated Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes kill infected liver cells |
What is the immune response for liver stages of plasmodium? |
|
|
Humoral response |
What is the immune response to the blood stages (merozoites) of plasmodium? |
|
|
Antigenic variation Shed surface antigens Hemozoin uptake by macrophages Polyclonal B cell activation Decrease IL-2 production |
How do the plasmodiums evade host immunity? |
|
|
Sickle cell anemia has been selected for Duffy blood groups |
What is an evolutionary consequence of malaria? |
|
|
Over production of proinflammatory cytokines Higher IgE levels in hosts with severe malaria |
What is the some ways the host immune system hurts the host when responding to plasmodium? |
|
|
Fya or Fyb: susceptible to plasmodium vivax FyFy: resistant to plasmodium vivax and partial immunity to plasmodium falciparum |
What are examples of duffy blood groups? |
|
|
Quinine |
How do you treat plasmodium diseases? |
|
|
Texas cattle tick fever |
What disease does Babesia bigemina cause? |
|
|
Boophilus annulatus |
What is the vector of Babesia bigemina? |
|
|
Vermicules (sporozoites) |
What stage of Babesia bigemina's life cycle is infective to the definitive host (cattle)? |
|
|
Macro/microgametocytes |
What stage of Babesia bigemina's life cycle is infective to the vector? |
|
|
Anchoring and penetration |
What are the roles of polar filaments? |
|
|
Whirling Disease causes fish to swim in circles |
What is the name of the disease that Myxobolus cerebralis causes and what does it do? |
|
|
Tubifex |
What is the intermediate host of Myxobolus cerebralis? |
|
|
Gut epithellium (anchor via polar filaments) |
Where in the host does Myxobolus cerebralis reside? |
|
|
Myxospores |
What stage of Myxobolus cerebralis is infective to the definitive host (tubifex)? |
|
|
Triactionmyxon |
What stage of the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis is infective to the intermediate host (fish)? |
|
|
Anchor to gut epithellium |
What is the role of polar filaments when inside the tubifex? |
|
|
Anchor and create opening |
What is the role of polar filaments in the fish? |
|
|
Erode cartilage and undergo repeated nuclear divisions |
What is the role of the trophozoites of Myxobolus cerebralis once they migrate cartilage of the skull and spine? |
|
|
Black tail and tail chasing in young salmonids |
What disease does Myxobolus cerebralis cause? |
|
|
Spinal and cranial deformities |
What does black tail cause in fish? |
|
|
Dwindling Disease (ass. With Colony Collapse Disorder) |
What disease does Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae cause? |
|
|
Spore |
What stage of Nosema apis/cerenae is infective to the host (honey bee)? |
|
|
Silk moth |
What is the definitive host of Nosema bombycis? |
|
|
Cyst |
What stage of Balantidium coli life cycle is infective to the host(humans and pigs)? |
|
|
Fecal contamination |
How are the cysts of Balantidium coli transmitted? |
|
|
Humans and pigs |
What are the definitive hosts of balantidium coli? |
|
|
Ick |
What disease does Ichthyophthirius multifilis cause? |
|
|
Swarmers |
What stage of Ichthyophthirius multifilis life cycle is infective to the definite host (fish)? |
|
|
Fish produce mucous in response to trophozoites attached to gills, causing the fish to suffocate itself |
How does the immune system of the fish harm the host when responding to Ichthyophthirius multifilis? |
|
|
Ick guard |
What is the treatment for ick? |
|
|
Oncomiracidium |
What stage of Monogenoidea life cycles are infective to the hosts? |
|
|
Monogenoidea Dactylogyrus |
Irritates the gills Fish produces mucous and suffocates itself Attaches to gills |
|
|
Monogenea Gyrodactylus viviparous |
Occurs in the gills of fish Irritate the gills Eggs develop inside the body of the mother |
|
|
Many embryos (Offspring can be born pregnant) |
Polyembryon |
|
|
Creates Cytoplasm that goes to the surface and is constantly changed |
Cytons |
|
|
The cells of the epidermis are sunken below the surface |
Sunken epidermis |
|
|
Trematoda Digenea |
What species of platyhelminthes have cytons? |
|
|
Miracidium |
What stage of Trematoda Digenea are infective to the 1st intermediate host? |
|
|
Yes (sporocyst)(metacercaria) |
Do Trematoda Digenea have cysts? |
|
|
Metacercaria |
What stage of Trematoda Digenea is infective to the definitive host? |
|
|
Mesocercaria |
An unencysted cercaria |
|
|
Trematoda Digenea Alaria americana |
What is the only horned fluke? |
|
|
Canids |
What is the definitive host of Trematoda Digenea Alaria americana? |
|
|
Helisoma |
What is the 1st intermediate host of Trematoda Digenea Alaria Americana? |
|
|
Miracidium |
What stage of Trematoda Digenea Alaria americana is infective to its 1st intermediate host (Helisoma)? |
|
|
Fercocercous cercaria |
What stage of Trematoda Digenea Alaria americana is infective to its second intermediate host (tadpole)? |
|
|
Tadpole |
What is the 2nd intermediate host in Trematoda Digenea Alaria americana life cycle? |
|
|
Snake |
What is the paratenic host of Trematoda Digenea Alaria americana? |
|
|
Black spot in fish |
What disease does Trematoda Digenea Uvulifer ambloplites cause? |
|
|
Kingfisher |
What is the definitive host of Trematoda Digenea Uvulifer ambloplites? |
|
|
Helisoma |
What is the 1st intermediate host of Trematoda Digenea Uvulifer ambloplites? |
|
|
Some smaller Fish |
What is the 2nd intermediate host of Trematoda Digenea Uvulifer ambloplites? |
|
|
Primates |
What is the reservoir host for Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma? |
|
|
Human |
What is the definitive host for Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma? |
|
|
Helisoma |
What is the 1st intermediate host of Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma? |
|
|
Schistosomulum |
What stage of Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma is infective to the definitive host? |
|
|
Africa Middle East South America |
Where is Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma mansoni prevalent? |
|
|
Venules of the large intestine |
What part of the body does Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma mansoni infect? |
|
|
Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma mansoni |
What Trematoda has an egg with a large lateral spine? |
|
|
Biomphalaria |
What is the intermediate host of Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma mansoni in Africa? |
|
|
Tropicorbis |
What is the intermediate host of Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma mansoni in South America? |
|
|
Africa Middle East |
Where is Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma haematobium prevalent? |
|
|
Venules of the urinary bladder |
What cells of the body do Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma haematobium infect? |
|
|
Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma haematobium |
What Trematoda has an egg with a terminal spine? |
|
|
Bulinus |
What is the intermediate host of Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma haematobium? |
|
|
Asian countries |
Where is Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma japonicum prevalent? |
|
|
Venules of the small intestines |
What cell of the body do Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma japonicum infect? |
|
|
Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma japonicum |
What Trematoda has an egg with a small lateral spine? |
|
|
Oncomelania |
What is the intermediate host of Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma japonicum? |
|
|
Swimmers itch |
What does the penetration of non-human schistosome cercaria cause? |
|
|
Initial phase of egg production Eosinophilia Fever Gut complications |
What are the symptoms of the acute phase of the diseases caused by Schistosoma? |
|
|
Formation of pseudotubercles DTH Cirrhosis Ascites Splenomegaly |
What are the symptoms of the chronic phase of diseases causes by Schistosoma? |
|
|
Walls of the large intestine/liver Cirrhosis Ascites Esophageal varicies Haematomesis Abdominal varicies |
What do the Pseudotubercles of Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma mansoni cause? |
|
|
Schistosomiasis |
What is the disease caused by Schistosoma? |
|
|
Walls of the small intestine/liver Ascites In brain Most severe form is schistosomiasis Paralysis Coma Dwarfism |
What do the pseudotubercles of Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma japonicum cause? |
|
|
Walls of bladder Least severe form of schistosomiasis Block ureter Renal failure |
What do the pseudotubercles of Trematoda Digenea Schistosoma haematobium cause? |
|
|
Praziquantel Control snails |
What is the treatment and control for Schistosomiasis? |
|
|
Antibodies against schistosomulum ADCC Eosinophils |
What are the host responses to schistosomiasis? |
|
|
Absorbs host ABO antigens Sheds antigens Cleave fc region of bound antibodies Antioxidants Polyclonal lymphocyte activation |
How do Schistosoma evade host immune system? |
|
|
Development requires CD4+ T cells TNF stimulates egg production Interleukins stimulate parasite growth Granuloma formation movement of eggs across gut/bladder wall |
How do Schistosoma exploit the host immune system? |
|
|
DTH (inflammatory response) |
How does the host immune system harm itself when responding to Schistosoma? |
