Orthopedics

Front 1

why do spinal cord injuries lead to osteoporosis?

Back 1

because bones that do not bear weight will lose calcium

Front 2

if stiffness improves with excercise, it is likely caused by?

Back 2

tendinitis or bursitis

Front 3

if stiffness does not improve with exercise, it is likely caused by?

Back 3

joint effusion or end-stage joint degeneration

Front 4

Finkelstein's test

Back 4

-pt grasps thumb in the palm of the hand and the examiner ulnar deviates the thumb and hand
-positive sign is sharp pain along extensor pollicis and abductor pollicis
-indicates tenosynovitis/ deQuervain's syndrome

Front 5

Tinel's sign

Back 5

-examiner taps the volar aspect of the wrist over the median nerve or taps the medial elbow over the ulnar nerve
-positive sign isparathesias over the tested nerv e distributions
-over wrist indicates carpal tunnel
-over elbow indicates ulnar nerve entrapment

Front 6

Phalen's sign

Back 6

-hold wrists in a maximally flexed position for at least one minute
-positive test is parathesia along the median nerve distribution
-indicates carpal tunnel
-more sensitive than Tinel's sign

Front 7

Arthrodesis

Back 7

-surgical process that promotes bone growth across joints

Front 8

acute compartment syndrome

Back 8

0bleeding into a closed muscle compartment that decreases perfusion of muscles and nerves to a level inadequate to sustain tissue viability
-tissue necrosis can occur in 4-8 hrs

Front 9

compartments most affected by compartment syndrome

Back 9

-volar forearm and anterior leg

Front 10

if untreated, compartment syndrome can result in ?

Back 10

-tissue necrosis, secondary muscle paralysis, muscular contracture, and sensory impairment resulting in Volkman's ischemic contracture

Front 11

Acute compartment syndrome:
1. characteristic symptoms
2. most important physical sign

Back 11

1. pain, paarathesia, and paralysis
2. extreme pain on stretching the long muscles passing through the compartment

Front 12

How can you diagnose Acute compartment syndrome?

Back 12

manometry of the affected compartment compared to the unaffected side

Front 13

__________ indicates arterial injury rather than compartment syndrome

Back 13

pulselessness

Front 14

treatment for acute compartment syndrome

Back 14

surgical fasciotomy

Front 15

what are some constitutional symptoms that may occur with Ewing's sarcoma?

Back 15

-fever, malaise, and weakness

Front 16

weakness and anemia tend to accompany which type of bone tumor?

Back 16

multiple myeloma

Front 17

what causes cumulative trauma disorders such as epicondylitis, tendinitis,and myofascial pain?

Back 17

-idiopathic, but has to do with repetitive motion of a body part

Front 18

how does cumulative trauma present?

Back 18

pain, fatigue, and numbness

Front 19

increased sensation, cool skin, thin skin, and muscular atrophy can indicate?

Back 19

-reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Front 20

__________occurs mostly in young bone and shows a buckling of the cortex but no visible fracture

Back 20

torus fracture

Front 21

_____occurs mostly in young bone but shows a break in one side of a bone and a bending in another

Back 21

greenstick fracture

Front 22

displaced fractures are expressed in _________

Back 22

mm or cm in the direction of displacement of the distal fragment

Front 23

angulated fractures are expressed in ________

Back 23

-degrees in the direction of the apex

Front 24

comminuted fractures

Back 24

more than one piece at a single fracture sight

Front 25

two or more fractures of a single bone?

Back 25

-segmental

Front 26

fracture straight across a bone

Back 26

transverse

Front 27

straight line fracture along the axis of the bone

Back 27

linear

Front 28

which fracture has only mild swelling and tends to only have pain with weight-bearing?

Back 28

stress fractures

Front 29

what components of the PE do you need to do both proximal and distal to the fracture?

Back 29

-pulses and muscle and nerve function

Front 30

principal goal in fracture treatment?

Back 30

union, especially in weight-bearing joints

Front 31

what are two things that can cause non-union?

Back 31

-pts with other disease processes
-poor reduction tecnique

Front 32

hydrocortisone and methylprednisone tertiary butyl acetate(TBA esters) are commonly used. which compounds have the greatest potency and longest duration?

Back 32

-triamcinilone compounds

Front 33

how do you inject pts with tenosynovitis and bursitis?

Back 33

into the tendon sheath

Front 34

which tendons should not be injected and why?

Back 34

-achilles and patellar
-pain can indicate tears and steroids will further weaken them

Front 35

what are four improper uses of injections?

Back 35

-acute trauma
-injection directly into a tendon or a nerve
-injection into an infected area
-multiple injections (RA is the exception but # should still be limited)