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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Marine Geologists |
study Earth's crust and composition |
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Physical Oceanographers |
Study waves, current, and ocean-atmosphere interaction |
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Chemical Oceanographers |
Study the gasses and solids dissolved in the ocean |
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Climate Scientists |
Investigate the oceans role in Earth's changing climate |
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Marine Biologists |
Study the nature and distribution of marine organisms |
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Marine Engineers |
Design and build structures used in or on the ocean |
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Scientific Method (steps) |
1. Ask a question 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Observe or experiment 4. Form theories and laws 5. Question and test, matching theories to observation |
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Scientific Method |
Theories may change as our knowledge and our power of observations change |
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Edwin Hubble |
Changed our understanding of the universe
Confirmed the existence of other galaxies
Showed that the universe is expanding ("Hubble's Law of Expansion")
Red and Blue shifts |
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Galaxy |
A huge, rotation aggregation of stars, dust, gas, and other debris held together by gravity. |
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Milky Way |
Spiral
13.2 billion years old
Earth has made 20 circuits since ocean formed
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Condensation Theory (Solar Nebula) |
1.A large diffuse of gas and dust that contracts under gravity
2.As it contracts the nebula heats, flattens, and spins faster
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Condensation Theory (Protostar) |
3.Contracts b/c of gravitational forces 4.Nuclear fusion begins at 10 million deg. C 5.Hydrogen atoms form helium which frees energy 6.Protostar becomes a star
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Condensation Theory (Star) |
7.Young star starts to shrink 8.When fusion begins the star becomes stable (not shrinking or expanding) 9.Large % of hydrogen is converted into carbon and oxygen 10.Our star is a medium sized sun 11.Star begins to consume the C & O atoms, energy output increases, becomes a Red Giant |
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Condensation Theory (Star Death) |
Supernova i. Star-like Sun-->Red Giant-->White Dwarf--> Accretion-->Explosion
Supernova ii. Star-like sun-->Blue Compact Star-->Core collapse |
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Condensation Theory (Accretion) |
Forms new planets by clumping smaller particles into larger particles
Solar System Steep T gradient Terrestrial: Inner rocky planets Gas Giant: Outer gassious planets |
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Stars from Seas |
-Universe formed w/ big bang 13.7b years ago -Then galaxies formed -Then stars and planets formed -Supernova creates heavier elements -Solar systems form from accretion
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Density Stratification |
Earth, ocean, and atmosphere accumulated in layers sorted by density |
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Density Stratification (process) |
1. Accretion of cold particles 2. Heated by impacts, compressions, radiation 3. Heavier elements and minerals sink while lighter ones rise |
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Earth's Magnetic Shield |
Protects Earth from incoming solar radiation, solar storms, etc
Created by iron core
Why we have an atmosphere |
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Moon Formation |
A planetary body bigger than Mars smashed into the hot and molten Earth 4.4b years ago |
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Water and Water Vapor Formation (outgassing) |
Volcanic venting of volatile substances -Sun Stripped away Earth's first atmosphere -Gasses, including water vapor, replaced it -Water vapor condensed into clouds -After mils. of years, the clouds cooled, water droplets formed -Hot rain fell and boiled back into clouds -Surface cooled, water basins formed |
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Water and Water Vapor Formation (icy comets) |
Icy comets delivered water to the ocean forming oceans |
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Trade and Explorations (Mediterranean Cultures) |
-recorded info. about locations landmarks and currents -Probably first cartographers -Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Alexandria) -calculated circumference -latitude(x): 0 is equator -longitude(y): Prime Meridian is Greenwich -Okeanos (Greek)-->Oceanus (Latin)
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Trade and Explorations (Polynesian Explorers) |
Seafarers colonized distant islands -Easter Island -Hawaii |
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Trade and Explorations (Chinese Explorers) |
-Organized voyages of discovery -Zheng He -Chinese Treasure Ship -Central Rudder -Water-tight compartments -Sails on multiple masts
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Trade and Explorations (Renaissance) |
-Prince Henry: Slaves and Gold -Christopher: Pioneer sea route to East -Magellan: First voyage around world |
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Voyaging and Science (surface) |
-Cap.Cook: Royal British Navy -HMS Endeavour: Research Vessel -Lt. Charles Wilkes (Holes in Poles) -United States Exploring Expedition -Matthew Maury: (father of phys. oceanography) -Discovered wind and current patterns |
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Voyaging and Science (ocean floor and poles) |
-Nansen and Polar Exploration (Greenland Exp.) -Fram (Wooden Ship) -Proved no Arctic Continent -ice drift, meteorology, oceanic conds. of Arctic -Meteor Exp. (South Atlantic) -Echo Sounder:allowed 1st mapping of sea floor -HMS Challenger: Challenger Deep -Mariana Trench and Triesta
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Continental Drift (Alfred Wegener) |
-Observed pieces of Earth's surface seemed to fit together -Pangea: All Land -Panthalassa: All ocean -Fossil Evidence -Centrifugal forces -Inertia & tidal drag from sun and moon *No trails & crust/mts. supported mechanically
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Seismic Waves |
-Waves of energy that travel through Earth's interior -Show Earth's interior structure -Seismos: Earthquake -Seismograph: Measures earthquakes -If Earth were homogeneous s.w's would radiate from site of earthquake in a straight line -If density of Earth increased, s.w velocity would increase and bend upwards
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Body Waves (P-Waves) |
-Cause volume changes in rock -Compression -Expansion -Can pass through liquids, solids, gas -First waves recorded by seismographs -6km/s -Bent in transit going through liquid creating shadow |
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Body Waves (S-Waves) |
-Shear waves perpendicular to wave travel -Do not travel through liquids and gases -3.5km/s -Cannot travel through liquid leaving a large shadow zone
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Surface Waves |
-Travel slowly on surface of Earth -Have long wavelengths (100km) -Greater amplitude=greater damage - |
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Earth's Structure (Chemical) |
Crust: Rich in incompatible elements -Continental- Granite (light in color) -Oceanic- Basalt (dark in color) Mantle: Silicon-Oxygen & Magnesium-Iron (lrgst. mass and volume) Outer Core: Liquid, Iron-Nickel Inner Core: Solid, Nickel-Iron |
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Earth's Structure (Physical) Temperature Pressure Stress |
Lithosphere: Cool rigid outermost shell -Continental & Oceanic Asthenosphere: Hot partially melting slowly flowing upper mantle Lower Mantle: Hotter but no melted b/c more pressure, denser, slower flowing Outer Core: Extremely hot sticky slow liquid Inner Core: Extremely hot solid and dense |
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Isostatic Equalibrium |
-Erosion and adjustment cause continental crust to thin in mt. regions -As mts. erode isostatic uplift cause roots to rise -Further erosion exposes rocks once in peaks -Deposition of sediments from mts. causes nearby crust to sink |
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Wegener's idea transformed |
1. Seismographs revealed a pattern of volcanoes and and earthquakes 2. Radiometric dating: compares radioactive isotope and its decay products -Revealed young oceanic crust 3. Echo sounders revealed shape of Mid-Atlantic ridge |
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Convection |
-Movement within a fluid resulting from heating and cooling of the fluid -A plate is the cooled surface layer of a convection current in upper mantle |
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Seafloor Spreading (Hess and Dietz) |
-Powered by convention currents -Mid-Ocean ridges were spreading centers -Source of new ocean floor rising from asthenosphere -Hot close to ridge -Cold further
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Plate Tectonics (Wilson 1965) |
Continental Drift and Sea Floor Spreading merged -Earth's outer layer is divided into lithospheric plates -Earth's plates float on asthenosphere -Plates move by convention current in sea floor spreading and downward pulling of leading edge
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Plate Tectonics (Subduction Zones/Wadati-Benioff) |
-Destruction of crust -Crust plunges down to mantle -Deep -High Magnitude -Lithosphere suducting into mantle |
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Types of Plate Boundaries |
1. Divergent:2 plates move apart (extension) 2. Convergent:2 plates move together (compression) 3. Transform: 2 plates slide laterally past each other (shear) |
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Divergent Plate Boundaries |
-At new spreading center magma pushes continental or oceanic plates apart forming a new rift valley -Forms ocean basins |
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Convergent Plate Boundaries (oceanic-continental) |
-Oceanic crust toward continental crust -Subducting oceanic plate heats as it descends, sending volatile materials to mantle, lowering its melting point. -Melted mantel material rises underplating continental crust. -Crust melts and merges. Some breaks surface (volcanoes)
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Convergent Plate Boundaries (oceanic-oceanic) |
-Older plate is subducted--older and denser -Forms deepest trenches -Subduction leads to volcanism -Volcanoes rise from sea floor and form curving arcs of island -Earthquakes occur more on the subducted plate side of the trench |
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Convergent Plate (Continental-Continental) |
-Both plates of equal density so neither subducts -Both plates are compressed and uplifted forming mts. -Mts. formed that way are composed of sedimentary rocks |
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Transform Plate Boundaries |
-Crust is neither created or destroyed |
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Evidence for Plate Tectonic |
Paleomagnetism: the past magnetic orientation and the past magnetic field recorded in a rock
Magnetite: Iron bearing mineral occurring in basalt |
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Patterns of paleomagnetism |
-locks magnetic orientation when magma cools -once locked particles don't respond -new magnetic particles in any new magma above will orient in a new direction -molten rocks cooling take on polarity of planet -Move slowly in both directions -new formed rocks take on polarity of planet -symmetrical bands of opposite polarity |
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Marine Resource Types (Physical) |
-Petroleum and Natural Gas (Ocean's most valuable resource) -special equipment, dangerous, transport -Sands and Gravel -Salt -Freshwater |
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Marine Resource Types (Energetic) |
Extraction of energy from heat or motion of ocean -wind (more steady and speeds are higher) -waves -currents -tides |
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Marine Resource Types (Biological) |
Living plants and animals |
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Marine Resource Types (non extractable) |
-Transport of people -Recreation -Waste |
