Oceanography Exam #1

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Pacific Ocean

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World's largest ocean

Covering more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth.

Deepest ocean.

Contains many small tropical islands.

Named after Ferdinand Magellan's party.

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Atlantic Ocean

Back 2

half the size of the Pacific Ocean.

Separates the Old world (Europe, Asia, and Africa) from the New world (North and South America).

Named after Atlas, Titans.

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Indian Ocean

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slightly smaller than the Atlantic Ocean.

Same average depth as the Atlantic Ocean.

Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.

Named after the subcontinent India.

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Southern and Antarctic Oceans

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portions of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans south of about 50 degrees south latitude.

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Kon Tiki

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a balsa raft designed like those that were used by South American navigators at the time of European discovery from South America to the Tuamotu Islands.

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Phoenicians

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First Mediterranean people known to have developed the art of navigation.

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Pytheas

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Greek astronomer-geographer. He sailed northward in 325 B.C. using a simple yet elegant method for determining latitude (one's position north or south) in the Northern Hemisphere. His method was measuring the angle between an observer's line of sight to the North Star and line of sight to the northern horizon. It was impossible for him to determine the longitude.

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Library of Alexandria (Alexandria, Egypt)

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A place where the collection of written knowledge attracted scientists, poets, philosophers, artists, and writers who studied and researched there.

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Eratosthenes

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Second librarian at the Library of Alexandria. He cleverly used the shadow of a stick in a hole in the ground and elementary geometry to determine Earth's circumference.

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Claudius Ptolemy

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Egyptian-Greek who produced the map of the world in about 150 A.D. that represented the extent of Roman knowledge at the time.

Map included: Europe, Asia, and Africa, vertical lines of longitude and horizontal lines of latitude.

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Vikings of Scandinava

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They had excellent ships and good navigation skills, actively explored the Atlantic Ocean.

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Erik "the Red" Thorvaldson

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Approximately in 981, he sailed westward from Iceland and discovered Greenland.

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Bjarni Herjolfsson

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He sailed from Iceland to join the colonists. But, he sailed too far southwest and saw Newfoundland.

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Leif Eriksson

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Son of Erik the Red. He brought Bjarni's ship and set out from Greenland for the land that Bjarni had seen to the southwest. Named it Vinland.

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Age of Discovery

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30-year period from 1492 to 1522.

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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Established marine institution at Sagres to improve Portuguese sailing skills.

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Bartholomeu Diaz

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Traveled Cape Agulhas (Southern tip of Africa)

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Vasco da Gama

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Diaz's partner who traveled with him around the tip of Africa to India thus establishing a new eastern trade route to Asia.

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Christopher Columbus

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Italian navigator and explorer. Discovered North America.

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Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)

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Italian navigator and explorer. Landed somewhere on the northeastern coast of North America.

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Vasco Nunez de Balboa

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Attempted land crossing of the Isthmus of Panama and sighted a large ocean to the west from a top mountain.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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The culmination of the Age of Discovery was a remarkable circumnavigation of the glob initiated by (this person). Crossed the Atlantic Ocean sailed down the eastern coast of South America, and traveled through a passage to the Pacific Ocean at 52 degrees south latitude.

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Juan Sebastian del Cano

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Completed the circumnavigation by taking the last of the ships, the Victoria across the Indian Ocean around Africa and back to Spain in 1522.

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James Cook

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Captain, English navigator and prolific explorer.

He mapped many previously unknown islands, including the South Georgia, South Sandwich, and Hawaiian Islands.

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Scientific Method

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Observation, hypothesis, testing, and theory

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Hypothesis

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A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of the phenomena observed. An initial idea of how or why things happen in nature.

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Theory

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A well-substantiated explanation. Not a guess or a hunch. An understanding that develops from extensive observation, experimentation, and creative reflection.

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Solar system

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The system that includes the Sun and the eight planets; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

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nebular hypothesis

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All bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, with only a small percentage of heavier elements.

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protoplanets

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(proto=original) (planetes=wanderer)

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Protoearth

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Size larger than today's Earth. No oceans or any life on the planet.

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Fusion reaction

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Occurs when temperature reach tens of million of degrees and hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms, releasing large amounts of energy.

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Density

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important physical property of matter. It is known as the mass per unit volume.

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Inner core

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Rigidness of the Earth.

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Outer core

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Where the liquids of the Earth are.

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mesosphere

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Middle mantle layer that consists of silicate materials.

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asthenosphere

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Hot, plastic region beneath the lithosphere.

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lithosphere

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Cool, rigid shell that includes all the crust and the topmost part of the mantle.

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Density stratification

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the elements were segregated to their densities.

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Basalt

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Igneous rock.

Dark colored and consists of high density of 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter.

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Continental crust

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composed mostly of the lower-density and lighter-colored igneous rock granite.

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adjustment

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vertical movement of crust

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isostatic rebound

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is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostasy.

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outgassing

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is the release of a gas that was dissolved, trapped, frozen or absorbed in some material.

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Stanley Miller

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was a Jewish-American chemist who made landmark experiments in the origin of life by demonstrating that a wide range of vital organic compounds can be synthesized by fairly simple chemical processes from inorganic substances.

Front 46

List and describe the four types of marine sediments.

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The four types of marine sediments are: biogenous, hydrogenous, lithogenous, and cosmogenoussediments. Biogenous sediments are sediments comprised of the remains of living organisms and may be
calcareous, made of the remains of organisms with calcium carbonate shells or test, or siliceous, made of the
remains of organisms with silica in their cell walls or tests. Hydrogenous sediments are made from chemical
precipitants that settle on the ocean bottom. Lithogenous sediments are derived from rock fragments.
Cosmogenous sediments are sediments made of tektites, fragments of meteorites that were transported to
ocean bottom.