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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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food pyramid - old
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bottom - top:
bread, cereal, rice, pasta 6-11 Veg 3-5 & Fruit 2-4 Milk 2-3 & Meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs and nuts 2-3 fats, oils, sweets sparingly |
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four food groups
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meat
milk bread/cereal/grain fruits/vegetables |
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food pyramid - new
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orange: grains/CHO
green: vegetables red: fruits yellow: oils blue: milk/dairy purple: meat/beans |
2005 by USDA
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Aerobic metabolism
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nutrient is mixed with each cell. Reduces CHO to CO2 and H2O and Protein to CO2, H2O and Nitrogen
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Energy
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Capacity to do work
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Energy Balance
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Homeostatis - number of calories eaten = number used to produce energy
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Energy Measurement
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calories (by-product = heat)
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Energy nutrients
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CHO, fat, protein
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calories per gram
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CHO = 4
Protein = 4 fat = 9 alcohol = 7 |
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calorimeter
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determines the energy values of food
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BMR
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basal metabolic rate - the rate at which energy is needed on for body maintenance - also REE (resting energy expenditure)
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BMR changes
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increases during fever and decreases during starvation or severely reduced caloric intake - people living in extreme cold or warm climates require more calories to maintain normal body temp
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Estimating BMR
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needs = weight x 10
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women - 100 lb for 5 ft of height plus 5 lb for each additional inch
men - 106 lb for 5 ft of height plus 6 lb for each additional inch |
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Harris Benedict Method
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male: 66+ (13.7 x weight in kg) + 5 x ht in cm - 6.8 x age
female 655 + (9.6 wt in kg) + 1.7 x ht in cm - 4.7 x age |
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add to bmr
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0-20% for stress
30-50% for head injuries 20-100% for severe burns |
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Total energy required
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sedentary: basal kcal x 1.3
moderate: basal kcal x 1.5 strenuous: basal kcal x 2.0 |
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energy density
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calorie density = # of calories contained in a given volume of food
foods high in fiber and high water have lower calorie density |
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metabolism of nutrients to base components
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nutrients are combined with O2 within each cell (oxidation) which reduces CHO and fats to CO2 and water and proteins to CO2, H2O and nitrogen
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anabolism
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ex: forms new tissue
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catabolism
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when released energy used to reduce substances to simpler ones
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thyroid gland
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governs metabolism
triodothyronin (T3) thyroxine (T4) |
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too much thyroid
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hyperthyroidism - weight loss
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not enough thyroid
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hypothyroidism - weight gain
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Malnutrition
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when the cells do not receive an adequate supply of the essential nutrients b/c of poor diet or poor utilization of food
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dull lifeless hair, reduced resistance to dz, appetite poor or excessive, sleep affected, irritability/nervousness, constipation, mental retardation
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malnutrition at risk
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infants and preschoolers, adolescents, elderly, pregnant
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Rickets
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Vit D and Ca
bow-legged |
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Xerophtalmia/blindness
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Vit A
leading cause of blindness worldwide |
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Beriberi
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Thiamine
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Kwashiorkor
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Protein
severe malnutrition w edema |
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Osteomalacia
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Vit D and Ca
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Pellagra
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Niacin
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Scurvy
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Vit C
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Anemia
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Iron
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Goiter
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Iodine
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Marasmus
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all nutrients
severe malnutrition with shrinkage |
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Osteoporosis
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Vit D and Ca
ca+estrogen+weight baring exercise to prevent |
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1 lb body fat = _____ calories
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3500
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overweight
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10-20% above average
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obese
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20% above average
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underweight
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10-15% below average
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atherosclerosis
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hardening of the arteries with accumulation of plaque
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calipers
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measure to determine % body fat
if > 1 1/2 " overweight if < 1/2 " underweight |
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mildly obese
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20-40% overweight or 120-140% HBW
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moderately obese
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42-100% overweight or 141-200% HBW
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severely obese
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> 100% overweight or 200+% HBW
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Normal body fat
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female - 18-22% Obese > 33%
male - 16-20% |
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consequences of obesity
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social and psychological issues
medical: life expectancy reduced heart dz, atherosclerosis, DM, fatty liver, endocrine abnormalities, childbearing abnormalities, trauma to weight bearing joints, protein in urine, increased Hgb |
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cancer risk in obesity
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men: colorectal and prostate
women: ovary and breast |
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bariatrics
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surgical specialty for treating obesity
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weight loss
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reduce by 500 cal per day to achieve 3500 per week
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diet breakdown
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15-20% protein
45-55% CHO 30% fat |
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satiety
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takes 20 minutes from the time food is consumed
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biochemical test
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blood, urine and feces tests
sometimes liver and bone biopsies |
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serum albumin levels
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3.5 - 5
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serum transferrin
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indicates iron carrying protein in the blood - will be elevated if iron stores are low and below normal if protein deficient
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BUN
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blood urea nitrogen 5-25
may indicate renal failure |
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serum creatinine
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amount of creatinine in blood
0.6-1.1 and 0.6 - 1.5 |
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Hgb/Hct
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may indicate Anemia if low
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Urine - nitrogen
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containing compound in urine - provides info on muscle mass and thus body composition
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creatinine excretion
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indicates amount of creatinine excreted in the urine over a 24 hour period - can be used in estimating body muscle mass
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head start
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children 3-5 y/o of parents below poverty level: nutrition, social services, parent involvement, and health services w/in an educational setting
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WIC
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provides nutrition education and vouchers for prescribed supplemental food to promote the growth of young children
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vegetarian diets
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often deficient in ca, iron, zinc, vit d, iodine, and riboflavin
B12 almost entirely absent |
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protein
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most efficient protein available is found in dairy products, eggs, and fish
2nd best is legumes, soybean, nuts, and brown rice 3rd meat |
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types of vegetarian diets
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vegan, lacto veg, ovo veg, lacto-ovo veg
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