Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Where is the liver located |
- upper RUQ under diaphragm |
|
|
What does the liver contain |
- 1/10 total blood volume - 1/2 total lymph |
|
|
What type of circulatory system does the liver have |
Hepatic portal |
|
|
What is the function of the liver |
- storing and secreting nutrients, hormones and bile |
|
|
What is the liver |
A large 4 lobed gland |
|
|
What is the process of blood circulation to the liver |
- enters hepatic portal - blood goes through 2 capillary beds - enters hepatic portal vein - blood arrives and nutrients moves across liver |
|
|
What are the cells of the liver |
- hepatocytes |
|
|
What does the liver consist of |
- lobules (tube like structures consisting of many hepatocytes) |
|
|
What is at the edge of each lobule |
- small vein from the hepatic portal that brings nutrients rich blood from the digestive tract - small artery bringing oxygen and lipid rich blood from the heart |
|
|
What is the function of the kupffer cells |
Ensure portal blood are free of bacteria and any foreign substances |
|
|
What is the function of the liver in metabolism |
- all absorbed carbohydrates and protein go through the liver - store nutrients, use nutrients and convert one to another |
|
|
Do fats enter the hepatic portal |
- fats do not enter the hepatic portal circulation arriving at the liver via the hepatic artery |
|
|
What is the function of the peritoneum, peritoneal cavity and mesentery |
- contain and provide protection and support for the abdominal organ - provide a pathway for blood, lymph for abdominal organs |
|
|
TISSUE FOUND IN GI TRACT Mucosa |
- 3 layers - inner most layer produces mucous - layer of CT over smooth muscle |
|
|
TISSUE FOUND IN GI TRACT Submucosa |
- CT - contain blood vessels, nerve endings and lymph - contains submucosal nerve plexus |
|
|
TISSUE FOUND IN GI TRACT Muscularis externa |
- 2 layers of smooth muscle that contracts allowing food to move along GI tract - contributes to food breaking down into smaller fragments |
|
|
What regulates the activity of the muscularis externa |
- myenteric nerve plexus |
|
|
Nervous system of the digestive system |
- has own nervous system - control peristalsis |
|
|
What nerve is in the digestive system |
- vagus nerve - extends from brain to thoracic cavity and abdominal cavities - vagus nerve interacts with submucosal and myenteric plexus |
|
|
What is the function of the nervous system in the GI tract |
- movement of food along GI tract |
|
|
ORAL CAVITY Mouth |
- large amount of normal flora - portal of entry for microbes |
|
|
ORAL CAVITY Teeth |
- 32 permanent teeth - types of teeth: incisors, canines and molars |
|
|
ORAL CAVITY Gums and buccal regions |
- pink, moist - no bleeding or breaks |
|
|
ORAL CAVITY Tongue |
- mixes food with saliva - pushes food Nokia towards back of mouth |
|
|
ORAL CAVITY Lips |
- good colour, moist no breaks |
|
|
ORAL CAVITY Salivary glands |
- 3 types of glands - produce saliva |
|
|
ORAL CAVITY Salivary glands - parotid |
- located over the ear |
|
|
ORAL CAVITY Salivary glands - submaxillary |
- alongside the mandible, along floor of mouth |
|
|
ORAL CAVITY Salivary glands - sublingual |
- along floor of mouth |
|
|
Pharynx |
- located at back of throat |
|
|
Epiglottis |
- flap that closes over trachea - preventing food from entering lungs |
|
|
Esophagus |
- tube structure that connects to the stomach - one sphincter controls movement of food |
|
|
Where is the stomach located |
LUQ abdominal cavity |
|
|
What are the 3 divisions in the stomach |
- fundus, body, pylorus |
|
|
Process of food moving through the stomach |
- food enters stomach via cardio-esophageal spinster - food is mixed and tossed around forming chyme - chyme leaves stomach via pyloric sphincter |
|
|
What does the stomach when empty resemble |
- folds of tissue |
|
|
What does mucosa secrete |
- various products to aid in digestion - alkaline, therefore aiding in protecting against HCL |
|
|
Process of food through small intestine |
- food enters small intestine via pyloric sphincter - food leaves small intestine via ileocecal valve |
|
|
What sort of structure is the small intestine |
- long tube like structure |
|
|
What are the 3 divisions in the stomach |
- duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
|
Types of tissue in the small intestine |
- microvilli - villi - circular folds Function: Ensures diffusion of nutrients into capillaries |
|
|
What are the divisions of the large intestine |
- cecum, appendix, colon and rectum |
|
|
Where does the large intestine extend from |
- ileocecal valve to anus |
|
|
What are the 4 regions of the large intestine |
- ascending colon, rectum, transverse, descending colon, sigmoid colon |
|
|
Where is the pancreas located |
- behind the stomach, across the abdomen from the spleen to the duodenum |
|
|
What is the function of the pancreas |
- - produces pancreas juice |
|
|
What is the function of the gallbladder |
To store bile |
|
|
Where is the gallbladder located |
- interior surface of the liver |
|
|
how the oral cavity contributes to the break down of food |
teeth and tongue work with salivary glands to break down food into small masses that can be swallowed |
|
|
How is food propelled from the pharynx to the oesophagus |
upper esophageal sphincter opens so that food can enter the esophagus |
|
|
how the structure of the small intestine adds in the absorption process |
- Microvilli are hairs that aid in absorption of nutrients - These projections increase the surface area of the small intestine allowing more area for nutrients to be absorbed |
|
|
What happens to water in the large intestine |
It gets reabsorbed |
|
|
Digestive processes Ingestion |
- taking food into mouth |
|
|
Digestive processes Secretion |
Release of fluids, enzymes and hormones |
|
|
Digestive processes Motility |
Peristalsis and segmentation |
|
|
Digestive processes Digestion |
Breaks food down into smaller products - chemical or mechanical processes |
|
|
Digestive processes Absorption |
Moves food particles from small intestine into blood and lymph |
|
|
Digestive processes Elimination |
Disposal of waste |
|
|
What is peristalsis |
Wave like contractions and relaxation of muscles within the wall of the small intestine |
|
|
What is segmentation |
Mixing and squeezing the food products back and forth. This results in sections of the intestine contracting and relaxing. |
|
|
Cephalic phase When does it occur What is the process |
- occurs in response to appetite - thoughts, smells, tastes of food - brain sends signal to vagus nerve stimulating smooth muscle contract - stimulates mucous in stomach to begin secretion of enzymes |
|
|
What happens in the oral cavity that sets of the processes of digestion |
- chewing food releases saliva, food mixes with saliva, secreting salivary amylase - chemical digestion breaks down polysaccharides to disaccharides - beginning of carbohydrate digestion |
|
|
Deglutition Buccal phase |
- food mixes with saliva forming a bolus. - tongue forces bolus towards pharynx |
|
|
Deglutition Pharyngeal - oesophageal phase |
- Peristalsis moves bolus onward - bolus reaches cardio-oesophageal sphincter - sphincter opens and bolus enters the stomach |
|
|
Gastric phase Process |
- food enters stomach, receptors and sensitive to arrival of food - stomach expands - receptors produce gastrin - begin release of various enzymes involved in protein digestion |
|
|
How does the gastric phase contribute to mechanical breakdown |
By mixing products in stomach |
|
|
Process of food entering the stomach |
- vagus nerve actions the muscularis externa. Causing it to contract. - gastric juices are released - bolus begins to mix, composition changes to semi fluid chyme - chyme forced to pyloric sphincter - small amounts of chyme enter duodenum - stomach empties - reduce of gastric juice - vagus nerve decreases activity |
|
|
Where are gastric juices and G cells what released from What they contain |
- released from glands located in stomach - contain parietal cells and chief cells |
|
|
Function of parietal cells |
- secrete HCL and intrinsic factor. Beginning the process of protein digestion |
|
|
What is the function of chief cells |
Secrete pepsinogen which converts to pepsin for protein digestion |
|
|
What is the function of G cells |
To secrete gastrin |
|
|
What is the function of gastrin |
Enhance protein absorption |
|
|
What has happened once mechanical digestion and chemical digestion has partly occurred
|
- chyme left in stomach
- partial chemical digestion of carbohydrates has occurred via salivary amylase - no digestion of lipids |
|
|
What enzymes does the small intestine contain |
- brush boarder enzymes - pancreatic enzymes |
|
|
What must happen to food before absorption can happen in the small intestine |
Nutrients must be broken down into their building blocks |
|
|
Where do nutrients leave the small intestine to travel to liver |
Blood, then travel to liver via hepatic portal |
|
|
Where are lipids absorbed |
- into lymphatic circulation |
|
|
What protects the small intestine from the acid in the stomach |
Bicarbonate that mixes with chyme |
|
|
What is the function of the liver |
Bile secretion |
|
|
What does bile contain |
Bile salts |
|
|
What is the function of bile salts |
Bile salts mechanically breakdown globules of fats and lipids into smaller particles |
|
|
What does bile salt allow |
Allows digestive enzymes to complete the digestion process |
|
|
What controls the release of bile |
Secretin and CCK |
|
|
What breaks down polysaccharides |
- pancreatic amylase breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides |
|
|
What breaks down disaccharides |
Brush border enzymes |
|
|
Where do the monosaccharides go once they’re in the small intestine |
liver via hepatic portal vein |
|
|
What is the process of protein breakdown |
- pancreatic juice contains proteases - broken down into smaller molecule chains of peptides - brush boarder enzymes continue the process - once into smaller state amino acids pass into blood - travel to liver via hepatic portal vein |
|
|
What is the process of lipid absorption |
- bile salts mechanically breakdown lipids - lipase continue process, chemically breaking them down into smaller products - bypass the portal and enter the blood circulation and travel to liver via hepatic portal artery |
|
|
How do lipids get to the liver |
- they enter lymph vessels - and get into blood circulation - travel to liver via hepatic portal artery
|
|
|
Can lipids travel through water |
- they are water phobic, they don’t move through blood easily and require assistance from lipoprotein transportation |
|
|
Process of absorption of water |
- H20 moves into cells and then blood |
|
|
Process of absorption minerals |
minerals absorbed via small intestine |
|
|
Process of absorption water soluble vitamins |
- water soluble vitamins absorbed via blood |
|
|
Process of absorption fat soluble vitamins |
- absorbed with lipids |
|
|
Large intestine Are there digestive enzymes |
No |
|
|
What enters the large intestine |
Small amounts of h20 and fibre |
|
|
What is absorbed from the large intestine |
- h20 |
|
|
Rectum/elimination Process |
- faeces move into rectum via peristalsis and reflexes - walls stretch - anal sphincter relaxes - faeces forced out of anal canal |
|
|
What is absorbed from the large intestine |
- h20 |
|
|
intestinal phase |
- Protect the sensitive small intestine against incoming stomach acid through secretin - Prepare the liver for incoming nutrients - Ensure there is enough time for digestion & absorption |
|
|
What is biles contribution to lipid digestion |
- bile mechanically breaks down fats and lipids into smaller particals |
|
|
How does the pancreas contribute to chymes composition |
- bicarbonate produced by the pancreas is mixed with chyme |
|
|
How does the pancreas contribute to the composition of chyme |
Bicarbonate mixes with chyme, changing pH to neutral |
|
|
What is the breakdown process of carbohydrates |
•starts in the mouth with saliva - Pancreatic amylase breaks down any other polysaccharides into disaccharides •Brush border enzymes break down disaccharides to monosaccharides •monosaccharides pass through the intestinal walls into the blood -in the blood they travel to the liver via the Hepatic Portal Vein |
|
|
Difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins |
- water soluble needed in small amounts and are excreted via urination - fat soluble are stored in the body for a longer time |
