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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sulphur - Role/ Sources
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"Maintains base balance in body
A component of:- sulphur containing aa co-enzymes detoxifying compounds in the liver glutathione glutathione peroxidase mucopolysaccharides alpha-lipoic acid regulates wtaer in connective tissue required for the CV system Component of MSM & DMSO |
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Sulphur - Interactions
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Can increases excretion of calcium
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Sulphur - Toxicity
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Nil
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Sulphur - Care
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Nil
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Sulphur - Curious fact
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All compounds containing mineral known as thiols
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Sulphur - Excretion
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Urine as sulphate
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Chromium - Absorption
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"in small intestine jejunum and some in stomach due to acid environment
absorbed based on qty in food" |
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Chromium - Deficiency
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Nil
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Chromium - Disease Treatment
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"impaired glucose tolerance
insulin resistance gestational diabetes Type 2 diabetes mellitus" |
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Chromium - Disease Prevention
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"\impaired glucose tolerance
type 2 diabetes mellitus cardiovascular disease Increases muscle mass promotes weight loss" |
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Chromium - Disorder
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Severe trauma, infection, stress, OR Strenuous exercise increase secretion
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Chromium - Those @ Risk
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- those on parenteral nutrition
- malnourished infants - pregnant women - stress |
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Chromium - Increased absoprtion by
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- acidic solution
- amino acids (methionine and histidine) - Vit C - iron deficiency - chromium picolinate vs chromium chloride - starch vs glucose |
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Chromium - Decreased absoprtion by
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- neutral or alkaline solutions
- antacids - phytates - other minerals |
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Chromium - Competes with
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Iron
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Chromium - Role/ Sources
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- Broccoli
- Grape juice - Turkey ham processed - waffle - English muffin |
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Chromium - Interactions
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- Iron
- Vitamin C - carbohydrates |
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Chromium - Toxicity
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- Most issues are based on inhalation of chromium dust
- there have been incidences of reactions to chromium picolinate - |
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Chromium - Care
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Chromium Cr6 is food as a pollutant in air , water and cigarettes
- individuals with kidney or liver disease should limit consumption |
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Chromium - Curious fact
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- Binds to transferrin OR
on albumin, globulin or lipoproteins OR unbound in blood |
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Chromium - Excretion
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Urine
Simple sugars increase excretion up to 300% vs. complex carb |
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Chromium - Transport
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Binds to transferrin
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Selenium - Absoprtion
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"50-100% absorption
duodenum" |
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Selenium - Deficiency
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"Antioxidant
cell mediated immunity chemoprotective effects modulates thyroid anti-inflammatory activity reduced heavy metal toxicity testosterone synthesis/sperm health anti-artherogenic activity" |
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Selenium - Disorder
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"asthma
autoimmune thyroiditis rheumatoid arthritis lowered male fertility mood elevation and reduced anxiety Reducing morbidity in preterm babies Keshan disease Kashin-Beck disease" |
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Selenium - Those at risk
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"Low selenium areas (some parts of NZ)
Long term parenteral nutrition alcoholics and those w/ liver cirrhosis crohn's & coeliacs' disease AIDS" |
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Selenium - Increased absoorption by
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"Vitamin A,C, E
reduced glutathione in GIT" |
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Selenium - decreased absorption by
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"Phytates
heavy metals like mercury" |
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Selenium - Sources
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"Brazil nuts
Shrimp crab meat salmon halibut " |
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Selenium - Interactions
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"Iodine
antioxidant nutrients" |
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Selenium - Toxicity
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"Fatigue
Depression arthritis hair or fingernail loss garlicky breath & body odour GIT disorders irritability" |
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Selenium - Curious fact
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Selenium substsitutes for sulphur
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Selenium - Excretion
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Faeces & Urine
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Iron - Absoprtion
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"Haeme iron
Nonhaeme iron duodenum and upper jejunun" |
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Iron - Deficiency
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"3 stage deficiency:-
1. low ferritin levels 2. red cell formaton impaired 3. red blood cell formation impaired (ANAEMIA) Symptoms:- fatigue and lethargy decreased resistance to infection cardiovascular/respiratory changes Increased lead absorption decreased selenium/glutathione levels " |
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Iron - Disease Treatment
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"Impaired cpgnitive functon children
Lead toxicity pregnancy complications impaired immune system" |
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Iron - Disorder
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"Anaemia
Cognitive function ADHD Fatigue" |
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Iron - Those at risk
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"Infants 6mths 4 years
adolescents Pregnant women chronic blood loss GIT malabsorption issues + GIT infections helicobacter pylori Vegetarians Achlorydia Gastric bypass Regular intense exercise excess early consumption of milk" |
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Iron - Increased absoorption by
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"Low Iron Status
Erythropoeisis meat, poultry/fish intake 2 alcoholics drink per day Fructose citric acid, lactic acid chelators" |
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Iron - decreased absorption by
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"High iron status
egg yolk protein milk phytates oxalates Polyphenols rapid GIT time Helicobacter pylori infection Poor GIT HCl" |
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Iron - competes with
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Calcium
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Iron - Role
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"Oxygen storage and transport
Oxygen sensing Electron transport and energy metabolism Antioxidant and pro-oxidant functions DNA synthesis Regulation of intracellular iron" |
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Iron - Interactions
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"Tannins
dairy & eggs Vit C (+) Vit A (-) copper zinc Calcium" |
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Iron - Toxicity
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"Toxicity:-
Herditary haemachromatosis sub-saharan african haemachromatosis Hereidtary anaemiathalessemia, siderblastic " |
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Iron - Care
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GIT upsets top to bottom
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Iron - Curious fact
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"Not excreted from body
not absorbed" |
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Iron - Excretion
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Lining of GIT
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Zinc - Absoprtion
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"Jejunum
10-35% absorbed from food" |
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Zinc - Deficiency
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"Anorexia
Skin rashes Impaired immunity and wound healing Night blindness Behavioual issues Erectile dysfunction Pregnancy complications Slowed growth and maturity loss of taste Menstrual and male fertility issues Alopecia Night blindness Behaviour issues Pregnancy complications" |
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Zinc - Disease Treatment
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"Common Cold
Diabetes mellitus Macular degeneration (age related) HIV/AIDS" |
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Zinc - Disorder
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"Acne
Alzheimers Anorexia ADHD Depression Herpes simplex Hypertension Taste perception Impotence Male fertility Leg Ulcers Lipid peroxidation Osteoporosis Radiation induced infection Tinnitus" |
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Zinc - Those at risk
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"Infants/children
Pregnant women parenteral nutrition Those with diarrhoea, gut, inflammed bowel issues Those with sickle cell anaemia Strict vegetarians older people Alcoholic liver disease" |
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Zinc - Increased absoorption by
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"Zinc deficiency
chelators pancreatic secretions corticosteroids" |
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Zinc - decreased absorption by
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"Phytates
Oxalates Polyhenols Lots of fibre calcium, copper, iron decreases with age" |
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Zinc - competes with
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Iron in the intestinal tract
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Zinc - Role
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"Structural(cell membranes, zinc fingers, transcription, SOD, metalloenzymes)
Immunity regulatory (genes)" |
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Zinc - Sources
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"Shellfish
Beef Red meat" |
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Zinc - Interactions
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"Copper
Iron Calcium Folic Acid Vitamin A" |
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Zinc - Care
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"Not too much zinc nasal spray
has drug interactions High doses may cause vomiting, GT upset" |
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Zinc - Excretion
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"Faeces
increased excretion from:- excessive sweating and diarrhoea kidney and liver disease diabetes high fibre consumption semen and menstrual secretions surgery, burns and trauma " |
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Zinc - Transport
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"albumins
globulins amino acids" |
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Magnesium - Absorption
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absorbed in small intestine relevant to how much is consumed (active and passive)
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Magnesium - Deficiency
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"GIT (Inc. Crohn's disease, intestinal lack of absorption)
Diabetes and long term diuretics Alcoholism decreased intake and increased output Old age less absorptionthrough gut, inc. excretion " |
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Magnesium - Disease Treatment
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"-Hypertension
preeclampsia-eclampsia Myocardial infarction Endothelial dysfunction Diabetes mellitus Osteoporosis Migraine Headaches Asthma IV " |
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Magnesium - Those at risk
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"GIT issues
Renal issues Diuretics Alcoholism Age" |
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Magnesium - Increased absoorption by
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"PTH
glucocorticoids Vitamin D Lactose" |
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Magnesium - decreased absorption by
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"Alcohol
phytates fibre low protein intake oxalates high phosphate levels sodium high dose zinc malabsorption syndrome" |
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Magnesium - Role
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"-energy production (ATP, kreb's cycle, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis)
biomolecules synthesis (nucleic acid, protein, fatty acid, glutathione, cAMP) Structural role ion transport (interacts w/ sodium-potassium pump) cell signalling (cAMP) cell migration (wound healing)" |
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Magnesium - Sources
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"Green vegetables (chlorophyll)
Grains and nuts Meats" |
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Magnesium - Interactions
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"Zinc high doses
high dietary fibre high protein = higher absorption Vit D & Calcium" |
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Magnesium - Toxicity
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"oral can equal diarrhoea
GIT disturbance" |
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Magnesium - Care
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Drug inetractions
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Magnesium - Excretion
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"Ascending loop of henle
Kidneys 96% reabsorbed Lots of things increases and decrease magnesium excretion" |
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Magnesium - Transport
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believed to be Linked to sodium transport and bicarbonate trasnport
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Calcium - Absorption
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" absorbed through all small intestine
Active transport in duodenum and proximal jejunum needs calbindin & Vit D passive transport entire small intestine independent of Vit D" |
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Calcium - Deficiency
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" Vitamin D and it's metabolism
hypo parathyroidism Chronic kidney failure low magnesium levels Chronically low intake of calcium Some drugs such as anticonvulsants " |
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Calcium - Disease Treatment
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"Hypertension
PMS Weightloss Dyspepsia Hyperlipidaemia Foetal growth Neonatal benefits Fluorosis" |
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Calcium - Disorder
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"Prevention:-
'Lead Toxicity Colorectal Cancer Oasteoporosis Kidney stones Pregnancy induced eclampsia" |
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Calcium - Those at risk
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"first 2 years of life
puberty and adolscencs pregnant women especially in last trimester lactating women postmenopausal women elderly men those experiencing rapid weight loss those on Total Parenteral nutrition" |
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Calcium - Increased absorption by
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"Lactose
Vitamin D Calcium deficiency Acidic PH Growth Pregnancy Lactation Exercise" |
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Calcium - decreased absorption by
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"Oxalic, Phytic acids
Phosphates Divalent Cations (Zn2+) Fat malabsorption some medications such as anticonvulsants lack of stomach acid Fat malabsorption" |
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Calcium - competes with
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"Caffeine
Protein Phosphorus " |
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Calcium - Role
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"1. Bone creation and breakdown
2. Neurotransmitter muscle contraction 3. Blood clotting" |
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Calcium - Sources
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"Soy
Sesame seeds Tahini Watercress Kale" |
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Calcium - Interactions
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"Vitamin D
Sodium" |
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Calcium - Toxicity
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"Hypercalcaemia caused by:-
Malignant disease Hyperparathyroidsm & kidney disease (calcium supplementation under medical supervision) Sarcoidosis Vitamin D overdosage Milk alkali syndrome Immobilisation thyrotoxicosis Hypercalcaemia of infancy Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcalcaemia" |
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Calcium - Care
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"Drug interactions
Take calcium away from some drugs" |
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Calcium - Curious fact
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99% of calcium is kept in the bone structure together with phosphorus, magnesium
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Calcium - Excretion
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"Varies through life cycle
100-200mg lost through urine 170mg lost through faeces Skin 15mg Increased excretion from:- Sodium, Protein, boron + magnesium, caffeine Deficienciencies of :-PTH or Vit D" |
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Calcium - Transport
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"50% ionised calcium
40% bound to proteins 10 % complexed with sulphate, phosphate, citrate" |
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Calcium - Absorption process
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"Low calcium:-
1. PTH released 2. Vit D Converted to Calcitriol in kidneys 3. Calcium uptake in small intestine increased 4. resoprtion of calcium in kidneys 5. Osteoclasts release calcium from bone High calcium:- thyroid releases calcitonin and PTH inhibitor 2. Osteoclasts decrease clacium released from bone 3. Decreased synthesis of calcitriol 4. Decreased calcium absorption in small intestine 5. Kidneys excrete excess calcium" |
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Calcium - How best to measure?
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Bone density
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Manganese - absorption
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Active transport in small intestine
Decreases with increasing doses Absorbed less efficiently by men than women |
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Manganese - competes with
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Iron and cobalt for absorption
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Manganese - decreased absorption by
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Fibre
Oxalic acid phytic acid Calcium Phosphorus Increased iron content of meal |
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Manganese - transport
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Bound to proteins (macroglobulin & albumin) to liver
Then bound to transferrin for periperheral tissue transport |
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Manganese - storage
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Found in apatite in bones
Acumulates in liver, hair, pancreas, pituitary, kidney |
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Manganese - excretion
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Bile and faeces
some through sweat and skin |
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Manganese - roles
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Metabolism - carbohydrate, protein, cholesterol, fatty acid
Synthesis of thyroxine, dopamine and melanin Antioxidant defence (MnSOD) in mitochondria Energy production Prothrombin production - needs Vit K Bone development - cofactor for bone/cartilage proteoglycan production Wound Healing - assists collagen production |
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Manganese - fact
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Manganese (component of )
-assists glutathione peroxidase convert hydrogen peroxide to water, - then catalase + oxygen make hydrogen peroxide into water |
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Manganese - mechanism of action
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Numerous enzymes
- competes with magnesium to activate |
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Manganese - those @ risk
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Chronic Liver Disease
Newborns |
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Manganese - Prevention
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Osteoporosis
Seizure disorders diabetes mellitus Taking with calcium assists PMS |
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Manganese - Toxicity
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Inhaled Manganese - neurological issues
High manganese levels in some drinking water - neurological issues |
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Manganese - food sources
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fresh pineapple
pecans oatmeal, bran, rice beans green & black tea |
