Nutrition Midterm

Front 1

Describe relationship between nutrition and disease

Back 1

inadequate nutrition can lead to disease and a diseased animal often has different nutrient requirements

Front 2

Define nutrition

Back 2

-ingestion, assimilation and use of nutrients
-involves various chemical and physiological activities which transform food components into body components

Front 3

Define nutrient

Back 3

-any food constituent that aids in the support of life.
-chemical substances found in feed materials that can be used and are necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals

Front 4

Define essential (indispensible) nutrient

Back 4

substance that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot make it or make adequate amounts of it

Front 5

Define nonessential (dispensible) nutrient

Back 5

one that the body can make in sufficient quantities if it is lacking in the diet

Front 6

Define macronutrient

Back 6

nutrient required in large amounts for the normal body function
-Ex: water, carbs, proteins lipids

Front 7

Define micronutrient

Back 7

nutrient needed only in small amounts for normal body functions
-Ex: vitamins or minerals

Front 8

Define organic nutrient

Back 8

nutrient that contain C--C or C--H bonds
-Ex: carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins

Front 9

Define inorganic nutrient

Back 9

nutrient that does not contain carbon to carbon or carbon to hydrogen bonds
-Ex: water, minerals

Front 10

Define nutraceutical

Back 10

defined nutrients or other compounds found in feed/food that give a pharmacologic effect at a concentration greater than what is required to prevent deficiency
-can prevent or treat disease (medical and health benefits)

Front 11

Define Phytochemical

Back 11

health promoting compounds found in plants
-not essential nutrients
-Ex: antioxidants

Front 12

Define Zoonutrient

Back 12

health promoting compound found in animal tissue
-Ex: omega-3 fatty acids

Front 13

Define functional food

Back 13

foods that contain one or more substances such as essential nutrient, phytochemical or zoonutrient thought to influence health
-ex: soy milk for bone health/brain/immune function

Front 14

What are the 3 steps in the Three step process of optimal nutrition?

Back 14

1. Who are you feeding?
2. What are you feeding?
3. How do you feed the animal?

Front 15

What are some techniques that are used to assess animal health and performance?

Back 15

-Physical exam
-Chemical analysis of body tissues, blood, etc
-Examination of records, performance, production
-Occurrence of disease

Front 16

How are nutrients quantified in the common feeding standards?

Back 16

-quantities of nutrients required per day
-or as a percentage of a diet

Front 17

List components of Maintenance Requirement

Back 17

1. Repair of body tissues
2. Heat for body temperature in the comfort zone
3. Minimal muscle work
4. Energy to ingest, assimilate use and excrete nutrients
5. BMR

Hint 17

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)-minimum energy needed to maintain vital functions in a fasting individual who is awake and resting in a comfortably warm environment

Front 18

Explain relationship between Maintenance Requirement and size of the animal

Back 18

It DECREASES per unit BW as an animal gets larger
Ex: rats need more calories per unit BW than an elephant

Front 19

List internal factors that may alter Maintenance Requirement

Back 19

1. Growth (age, gender, breed, growth rate)
2. Reproduction (lactation, gestation, conception)
3. Work (duration and type)
4. Others (Illness, hormonal imbalance, immune function, stress etc)

Front 20

List external factors that may alter Maintenance Requirement

Back 20

1. Temperature (extra energy is needed for extremes out of comfort zone)
2. Weather
3. Housing
4. Sanitation

Front 21

What are the major functions of water in the body metabolism?

Back 21

1. solvent
2. transport medium
3. dilutent
4. chemical reactions
5. lubricant
6. regulation of body temperature

Front 22

What are the major sources of body water?

Back 22

1. drinking free water
2. in or on feed
3. metabolic water from nutrient oxidation

Front 23

What is the relationship among body water, age and body fat content?

Back 23

Water content of body water decreases with age and body fat content

Front 24

Describe factors that alter water requirements

Back 24

Affected by factors that influence water loss:
1. dry matter intake
2. physiological state
3. ambient temperature
4. genotype

Front 25

What is the approximate daily water consumption of swine, sheep, horse, cow, poultry, dog and cat?

Back 25

-Swine: 1.5-3 gal/day
-Sheep: 1-3 gal/day
-Horse: 10-14 gal/day
-Dry, pregnant Cow: 10-14 gal/day
-Lactating cow: 25-55 gal/day
-Poultry: 2 parts water/1 part dry feed
-Dog/cat: 60ml/ kg BW

Front 26

Describe clinical signs associated with water restriction (dehydration).

Back 26

Reduces: feed intake; productivity; urine and fecal water excretion; weight loss
Increases: temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, nausea, irritability

Front 27

Define Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Back 27

total amount of minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water
-causes salty, bitter or metallic taste, diarrhea.

Front 28

Define water hardness

Back 28

-Ca and Mg carbonate in water
-TDS is indicator of hardness, but they are not the same thing

Front 29

Define: Essential AA

Back 29

one that the body is unable to make or can only make in inadequate amounts (10, 11 for cats)

Front 30

Define: Non-essential AA

Back 30

one that the body can make in large enough quantities (10-12)

Front 31

Define: Conditionally essential AA

Back 31

one that can become essential in certain physiologic conditions

Front 32

What are the 10 essential AAs and what is the "extra" one in the cat?

Back 32

P=phenylalanine
V=valine
T=tryptophan
T=theroninr
I=isoleucine
M=methionine
H=histidine
A=arginine
L=leucine
L=lysine
-Taurine is needed for cats

Front 33

What is the importance of essential amino acid content in the diet of ruminant animal?

Back 33

-Microbes utilize N, AAs and peptides for their protein synthesis
-they convert dietary protein into their own protein

Front 34

Assess how the protein structure influences nutritional value of dietary proteins and protein digestibility

Back 34

Primary structure= nutritional value
Tertiaary structure=protein digestibility
-globular proteins are more easily digested than filamentous proteins
Quaternary= protein function

Front 35

Describe the major functions of proteins

Back 35

1. structural and mechanical
2. enzymes
3. hormones
4. immune function
5. fluid balance
6. regulation of pH
7. transport proteins

Front 36

Characterize protein usage in times of need and abundance.

Back 36

Need: converted to glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis, oxidation for energy). All AAs can be used for ATP production-->the last to be used for energy
Abundant:excess AAs are converted to fatty acids

Front 37

Contrast differences in approximate protein requirement among carnivores, omnivores and herbivores.

Back 37

-carnivores-High protein requirement (30-50% protein); short digestive tract; need highly digestible animal proteins
-omnivores-Mid-range protein requirement (15-30% DMB). Eat and digest animal and plant protein sources. Effectively digest starches
-herbivores-Low protein requirements (8-16% DMB) Enlarged fore-stomach or hind gut. Utilize extensive fiber in the diet (bacterial degradation of feed stuffs)

Front 38

What is the fate of excess dietary protein when fed to an animal?

Back 38

Waste protein is excreted as urea via kidneys. Excess proteins are converted to fatty acids, protein synthesis, conversion to lipids