Nutrition Final

Front 1

Thiamin B1

Back 1

Coenzyme - TPP (Thiamin Pyrophosphate)
Aids in conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
Recommendations: Men - 1.2mg; Women - 1.1mg
Deficiency - Beriberi
Toxicity - none

Front 2

Riboflavin B2

Back 2

Coenzyme - FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide); FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinonucleotide)
FMN accepts and donotes H+
FAD takes H+ and e- from TCA to ETC
Recommendations: Men - 1.3mg; Women - 1.1mg
Deficiency - Ariboflavinosis
Toxicity - none

Front 3

Niacin B3

Back 3

Coenzyme - NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinonucleotide); NADP (phosphate form of NAD)
Glucose, fat, alcohol metabolism/carries H+
Recommendations: Men - 16NE; Women 14NE
Deficiency - Pellagra
Toxicity - Yes - UL 35mg/day

Front 4

Biotin

Back 4

Functions as a coenzyme itself
Makes oxaloacetate with pyruvate
Recommendations: Adults - 30ug
Deficiency - rare
Toxicity - none

Front 5

Pantothenic Acid

Back 5

Part of coenzyme A
Acetyl CoA - over 100 metabolism steps
Recommendations: Adults - 5mg
Deficiency - rare
Toxicity - none

Front 6

B6

Back 6

Coenzyme - PLP (Pyridoxal Phosphate)
Metabolism - tryptophan to niacin
Recommendation: Adults - 1.3mg
Deficiency - Dermatitis, Anemia
Toxicity - Yes, UL 100mg/day

Front 7

Folate

Back 7

Coenzyme - THF (Tetrahydrofolate)
DNA synthesis, cell formation - proliferation
Recommendation: Adults - 400ug
Deficiency - Anemia (large cell)
Toxicity - none, masks B12 deficiency

Front 8

Cobolamin B12

Back 8

Coenzmy - Methylcobolamin, Deoxyadenosylcobolamin
Proliferation, breakdown of fatty acids and Aas
Recommentation: Adults - 2.4 ug
Deficiency - Pernicious Anemia
Toxiity - none

Front 9

Choline

Back 9

Needed for synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the phospholipid lecithin
AI: Men - 550mg; Women - 425mg
Deficiency - Liver damage
Toxicity - body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage
UL: 3500 mg/day

Front 10

Inositol and Carnitine

Back 10

Nonessential nutrient, synthesized from glucose; provides structure for all membranes.
No recommendation - nonessential and widespread in foods

[[Carnitine - non protein amino acid; transports long chain fatty acids from cytosol to mitochondria]]

Front 11

Vitamin C

Back 11

Ascorbic Acid
RDA: Men - 90mg/day; Women - 75 mg/day; Smokers +35 mg/day
UL: Adults 2000 mg/day
Functions: Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls. forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth), antioxidant, thyroxin synthesis, amino acid metabolism, strengthens resistance to infection, helps in absorption of iron.
Deficiency - Scurvy
Toxicity - symptoms include nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; headache, fatigue, insomnia; hot flashes, rashes' interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones.

Front 12

Water-soluble vitamins

Back 12

All B vitamins and vitamin C
Found in water parts of food
Upon absorption, move directly into blood and travel freely
Kidneys remove small excesses of water-soluble vitamins

Front 13

Fat-soluble vitamins

Back 13

Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Founds in the fats and oils of food
Enter lymph first and then blood
Do not travel freely - requires protein carriers for transport
Held in fatty tissue and liver until needed
Remain in fat storage, instead of excreted - more likely to reach toxic levels

Front 14

Beriberi

Back 14

Thiamin deficiency
Damage to the nervous system as well as heart and other muscles
Wet - edema
Dry - muscle wasting

Front 15

Ariboflavinosis

Back 15

Riboflavin deficiency
Inflammation of the membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes, and GI tract

Front 16

Pellagra

Back 16

Niacin deficiency
Symptoms of diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death (the "four Ds"

Front 17

Pernicious Anemia

Back 17

B12 deficiency
Caused by atrophic gastritis and lack of intrinsic factor
A blood disorder - symptoms include muscle weakness and irreversible neuro damage

Front 18

Scurvy

Back 18

Vitamin C deficiency

Front 19

Physiological effect

Back 19

When a normal dose of a nutrient (levels commonly found in foods) provides a normal blood concentration

Front 20

Pharmacological effect

Back 20

When a large dose (levels commonly available only from supplements) overwhelms some body systems and acts like a drug

Front 21

Coenzyme

Back 21

Complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme’s activity. Many coenzymes have B vitamins as part of their structures.

Front 22

Choline

Back 22

Needed for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the phospholipid lecithin
AI: Men 550mg/day; Women 425 mg/day
UL: Adults 3500mg/day
Deficiency: Liver damage
Toxicity: Body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage
Sources: milk, liver, eggs, peanuts

Front 23

Carnitine

Back 23

Transports long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria for oxidation

Front 24

Inositol

Back 24

Part of cell membrane structures

Front 25

Vitamin A

Back 25

Roles: promoting vision, participating in protein synthesis and cell differentiation (and thereby maintaining the health of epithelial tissues and skin), and supporting reproduction and growth.

Front 26

Vitamin D (Calciferol)

Back 26

Roles: acts as a hormone because it is synthesized by one part of the body and causes another part of the body to respond; aids in immune function, brain and nervous system; acts on cells of pancreas, skin, muscles, cartilage, and reproductive organs.

Front 27

Vitamin E

Back 27

Roles: Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA] and vitamin A).

Front 28

Vitamin K

Back 28

Roles: Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins

Front 29

Three forms of vitamin A

Back 29

1. Retinol
2. Retinal
3. Retinoic Acid

Known as retinoids
*Cells can convert retinol and retinal to the other active forms of vitamin A as needed. Retinol to retinal is reversible; retinal to retinoic acid is irreversible.