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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who do producers consult with most beef cattle nutrition questions?
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consult themselves or family members for nutritional information
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When do beef cattle need forage supplementation?
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late fall to mid-spring
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What type of things make an "improved pasture"
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* Managed grass
* Fertilized * Changed species of grass * Herbicide * Mowing |
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What is stockpiled hay?
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Hay that is grown on pasture and not harvested
* Grass is frozen then animals allowed to graze, animals are not allowed on pasture while hay is still growing * Good drainage is important |
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What is the price of a 500lb steer per CWT according to The East Texas Livestock market report in Crockett, Texas?
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$110/CWT
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How much does is cost to keep a cow in the Brazos Valley for 1 year?
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approximately $400
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What 3 things do cattle with low BCS have with regards to pregnancy/calves?
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1. lower calf survival
2. lower weaning weights 3. lower pregnancy rates. |
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What is the ideal BCS for a 1st calf heifer?
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BCS 6
* Heifers are still growing, especially teeth and bone (calcium). |
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What is the ideal BCS for a mature cow?
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BCS 5
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When should BCS be done on breeding cows?
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BCS cows at onset calving, onset breeding, mid-summer, and pregnancy exams.
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What is Fecal NIRS? What does it establish?
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* Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
* Establishes TDN, % crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus |
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In regards to beef cattle, what are most and least important nutrients?
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1. Protein is the most important nutrient*****
2. Water 3. Energy 4. Fats 5. Vitamins and minerals are the least important |
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What are the common major mineral deficiencies seen in beef cattle?
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1. Phosphorus: cows chew on bones
2. Copper: hair coat is red, broken bones * Also: Calcium, Magnesium, Manganese, Selenium, Zinc |
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Over time, trace mineral deficiencies will lead to what 4 things?
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1. decreased immunity
2. decreased fertility 3. decreased growth 4. clinical signs |
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When does Vitamin A deficiency occur? What can it result in?
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* When there is no green grass
* Results in retained placentas |
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What amount of vitamins/minerals does a cow need per day? Per year?
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* A cow needs about 2 oz/day
* 45.6 pounds per year. |
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What are the 2 ways to estimate dry matter intake?
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1. Actual consumption (weighing feedstuffs or
observation of consumption) 2. Estimates of daily DMI (based on %body weight) |
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When are nutrient requirements the highest and lowest for breeding cows?
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1: parturition and breeding – highest nutrition requirements
2: pregnancy and lactation – 2nd highest 3: mid-gestation – lowest, recondition now to regain BCS 4: pre-calving – increasing requirements |
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What are the two supplement levels for breeding cows?
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Late gestation
Early lactation |
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Time of day to feed supplement?
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* Feed supplement after 6PM
* Cow will eat supplement, spend 6-8 hrs grazing and 4-8 hrs ruminating |
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What is the curent state of the diary cattle industry?
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* Decrease in both cattle numbers and number of cattle operations
* Increase in milk production and milk produced per cow |
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Which state is #1 in the dairy cow industry?
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California
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Where does Texas rank in regards to the dairy cow industry?
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Texas ranked 8th
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How much of the GI is comprised by the rumen of dairy catte?
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Rumen is 68% of GI
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2/3 of GI is comprised of what in dairy cattle?
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stomach region
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Do plant carbohydrates have more nonstructural (soluble) or structural CHO’s?
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Plant carbohydrates have MORE nonstructural (soluble) CHO’s than structural CHO’s
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Carbohydrate digestion in rumen generates what?
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VFA (Primary energy substrate)
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4 types of energy
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1. Gross
2. Digestible 3. Metabolizable 4. Net energy |
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What type of energy is the most accurate?
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Net energy is the most accurate
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Where does protein digestion occur in dairy cattle?
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rumen and small intestine
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What does protein processed in the rumen provide for microbes?
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ammonia
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What are the 3 fates of lipids in dairy cattle?
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1. Bypass fat -->SFA and UFA in SI
2. Glycerol -> VFA’s -> Acetate, proprionate, butyrate (leave GI by passive diffusion) 3. SFA and UFA --> SFAs |
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What Fat soluble Vitamins are essential in dairy cattle?
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Vitamins A and E are essential in dairy cattle
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What fat soluble vitamin is usually supplemented essential in dairy cattle?
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Vitamin D is typically supplemented in dairy cows
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What fat soluble vitamin is synthesized by ruminal bacteria?
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Vitamin K is synthesized by ruminal bacteria
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What water soluble vitamins are utilized by ruminants?
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Ruminants use thiamine, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, choline, vitamin B12, riboflavin, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, vitamin c
**Most synthesized by ruminal bacteria, deficiencies rare |
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What water soluble vitamins are occasionally supplemented?
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Niacin and biotin occasionally supplemented
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What does increased water intake mean for dairy cattle?
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increased production
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What are the 2 main things done to meet the demands of high producing dairy cattle?:
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* Increase dry matter intake
* Increase nutrient density (fat) |
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5 Dairy Cow Production Phases
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1. Early Lactation
2. Mid Lactation 3. Late Lactation 4. Dry period 5. Transition period |
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Length of the 5 Dairy Cow Production Phases
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1. Early Lactation: 0-10 weeks
2. Mid Lactation: 10-24 weeks 3. Late Lactation: > 24 weeks 4. Dry period: 5-8 weeks 5. Transition period: 2-3 weeks |
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Events occuring during the early lactation phase?
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Peak milk production occurs w/in 3-6 weeks
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Events occuring during the mid lactation phase?
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Milk yield begins to decrease. Peak DMI occurs w/in 11-13 weeks
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Events occuring during the late lactation phase?
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Milk yield continues to fall. Cows regain body fat.
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Events occuring during the dry phase?
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Dry period; late pregnancy
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Events occuring during the transition phase?
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Dry period; late pregnancy. Prepare for lactation
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Physiological Priorities during the early lactation phase of dairy cattle?
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Lactation>repro>growth>maintenance
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Physiological Priorities during the mid lactation phase of dairy cattle?
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Repro>lactation>growth>maintenance
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Physiological Priorities during the late lactation phase of dairy cattle?
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Repro>growth>maintenance>lactation
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What is the pro of feeding High Energy Diets to dairy cattle?
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increased milk production
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What are the cons of feeding High Energy Diets to dairy cattle?
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1. Risk rumen burnout (long term)
2. Decrease milk fat (short term) due to inadequate dietary fiber intake |
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What can feeding low roughage/high grain diets to dairy cattle cause?
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can cause papillae to shrink
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Why is the rumen healthier on a roughage diet? (4 reasons)
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1. Increases saliva production
2. Increases rumen pH 3. Increases acetate 4. Increases fiber-loving microbes |
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Under what conditions is propionate at the highest amount?
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Propionate is present in the highest amount when rumen pH is low
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What effect does feeding a high grain diet to a dairy cow have on starch-loving microbes?
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Increase starch-loving microbes
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What effect does feeding a high grain diet to a dairy cow have on rumen pH?
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cause lactic action production (decrease rumen pH)
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What effect does feeding a high grain diet to a dairy cow have on rumination time?
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decreases rumination time
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What effect does feeding a high grain diet to a dairy cow have on dietary fiber digestion?
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decreases dietary fiber digestion
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What effect does feeding a high grain diet to a dairy cow have on acetic acid production and milk fat synthesis?
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decreases acetic acid production and thus milk fat synthesis.
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Rules of Thumb for Adequate Fiber in Diet-Minimum of forage:concentrate
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Minimum of 40:60 forage:concentrate
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Rules of Thumb for Adequate Fiber in Diet-Minimum of % crude fiber or % acid detergent fiber
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Minimum of 17% crude fiber or 21% acid detergent fiber
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Rules of Thumb for Adequate Fiber in Diet-Based on body weight as forage
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Feed minimum of 1 to 1.5% body weight as forage
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The higher the effective fiber, the more the cow will do what?
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Chew
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3 properties of effective fiber
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1. Particle size (course better)
2. Amount of fiber 3. Type of fiber (proportion of lignin) |
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Roughage Value Index (RVI)
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a method to measure effective fiber, determined by measuring the time a cow spends chewing, expressed as minutes chewing per unit of feed DM
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Penn State Particle Size Separator
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sorts feed into large, medium, small particles
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3 things that Particle sizeof effective fiber impacts?
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1. Rumen pH
2. Acetate:propionate 3. Milk fat % |
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Short term benefit of feeding effective fiber to dairy cattle
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increase milk fat
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Long term benefit of feeding effective fiber to dairy cattle
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prevent rumen burnout (maintains epithelial tissues, prevents parakeratosis)
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Feeding what type of diet causes faster starch formation in dairy cattle?
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*** Faster starch formation with highly processed diets
* Steam flaking > cracked/dry rolled > whole |
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The type of grain affects rate of starch formation
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wheat > barley > corn/milo (more rapid = depressed milk fat)
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What effect do dietary buffers
have on rumen pH and milk fat depression? |
Increase rumen pH and help minimize milk fat depression
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What effect does dietary fat
have on milk production? |
Dietary fat: may decrease milk production
* Used to increase energy density of feed |
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Most dairy cattle diets contain what percent of dietary fat?
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Most diets are about 3%,
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What side efftects can occur when feeding dairy cows diets with more than 8% dietary fat?
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* DMI to decrease
* Fiber digestion to decrease * Incidence of digestive upsets to increase |
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Which dairy cows benefit the most from fat-added diets?
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High-producing cows from 2-5 months of lactation
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Cows with fat-added diets produce how much more milk daily?
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4-6 lbs more milk daily
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Desired BCS for dairy cows at Calving
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3.5/5
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Desired BCS for dairy cows at Peak Milk
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2.0/5
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Desired BCS for dairy cows at Mid-lactation
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2.5/5
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Desired BCS for dairy cows during dry period
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3.5/5
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What is main goal during phase 1: early lactation for dairy cows?
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To maximize intake by 1lb ↑ to increase production of milk by 2-2.5 lb milk
* Dairy cow will be in negative energy balance in this phase |
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What is main goal during phase 2: mid lactation for dairy cows?
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maintain high milk production and regain body condition
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What is main goal during phase 3: late lactation for dairy cows?
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restore body condition (limit overconditioning of cows)
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What are the main goals during phase 4: dry phase for dairy cows?
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1. Optimize fetal growth
2. Prepare cow for lactation 3. Minimize length of dry period (60d), feed cows to achieve target BCS of 3.5 |
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What is main goal during phase 5: transition phase for dairy cows?
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acclimate rumen to microbes for early lactation diet
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When are dairy cows most susceptible to metabolic disorders?
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during first 8-10 weeks of lactation
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What metabolic disorders have highest economic impact in the dairy industry?
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1. Milk fever
2. Displaced abomasums, |
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When do 80% of milk fever cases occur?
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within 48hrs of calving
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Symptoms of milk fever
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* Hypocalcemia (<5.5)
* Lack of appetite * Inactive GI * Downer * Susceptible to other diseases |
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What happens with cows that are fed too much Ca during the dry period?
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They have downregulated their Ca retrieval mechanisms and become hypocalcemic at calving
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Traditional method of treatment for milk fever?
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feed low Ca (< .4%) during the dry period, causes negative Ca balance to activate intestinal absorption and bone resorption mechanisms
** Newer method: feed negative dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) diets during dry period |
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Dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB)
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DCAB: sum of positively (Na, K, Ca) and negatively charged ions (Cl, S)
* Recommended target DCAB is -10 to -15 meq/100g diet DM |
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What percent of cows exhibit borderline ketosis during early lactation
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50%
* Most cases occur within 60 days of calving, peak incidence is 3 weeks postcalving, more prevalent in older cows |
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Symptoms of ketosis
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↑ ketone bodies, ↓ glucose levels, acetone odor (breath/milk), DMI/milk production decrease
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5 ways to prevent ketosis in dairy cows
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1. Avoid excess BCS at calving
2. Use good transition diet 3. Maximize DMI during early lactation 4. Feed oral glucose precursors like propylene glycol or sodium propionate 5. Feed niacin. |
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When do displaced abomasums occur in dairy cows?
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Occurs within first month of calving, older cows more prone
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5 Minerals Impact on Repro Performance of Dairy Cows
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Cu, Mn, Zn, Se, Vit
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bSt increases milk production and DMI
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bSt increases milk production and DMI
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How many round bales are needed per beef cow per 120 day feeding?
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Need 2 round bales per cow per 120 day feeding (Approx 25 bales in one round bale)
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How much supplement protein to should be given to beef cattle?
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Supplement protein to 8% diet
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What are the benefits of supplementing protein to 8% of a beef cows diet?
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* Increases digestibility of forage
* Increases ruminal microbe function * DMI increases 20-40% |
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Do not feed corn to cows in winter-why?
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It decreases their ability to digest.
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Rule of thumb for supplementing energy in beef catte
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Don’t over-supplement energy past 0.4% body weight (5 lbs per cow) –feed protein!
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Why dont you want to over supplement energy in beef cattle?
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* It will lower rumen pH and impair rumen microbes
* Forage digestibility and DMI decreases |
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When can beef calves utilize urea properly?
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Calves have to be 4 months and 400 pounds to utilize urea properly
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Calculate target weight of beef cattle
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Mature body weight x 0.65 = Target weight
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Calculate lbs to gain for beef cattle
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Target weight – weaning weight = Lbs to gain
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Calculate average daily gain for beef cattle
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Lbs to gain / days until breeding = Average Daily Gain
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Rule of thumb for average daily gain
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Never get above 1.5lbs/day because they’ll become ‘fat layers’ rather than ‘protein builders’
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How many pounds of feed do beef calves need per pound of gain?
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Calves need 6 pounds of feed per pound of gain
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5 stocker calf comm diseases
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* Pneumonia
* Hypomagnesium tetany * Polioencephalomalacia * Bloat * Urinary Calculi |
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3 risks associated with Polioencephalomalacia
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* lush pasture
* Mexican fireweed * high concentrate diet |
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3 ways to prevent Polioencephalomalacia
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* Avoid drastic change
* Thiamine injection * Thiamine supplementation |
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3 feedlot diseases discussed
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* Pneumonia
* Lactic acidosis * Urolithiasis |
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Common causes of lactic acidosis in feedlots
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* Pneumonia
* Liver abscess * Laminitis * Polioencephalomalacia (lush pastures, mexican fireweed, high concentrate diet) * Entertoxemia * Abomasal ulcer |
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How can you prevent lactic acidosis in feedlots?
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* Gradually adapt calves to high grain diet
* Avoid mistakes in ration formulation * Drop grain percentage if skipping meal or feeding late * Feed buffers * Ionophores |
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Benefits of using implants in beef cattle
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* Increase daily weight gaints 10-15% and increase feed efficiency 2-10%
* There is no withdrawal and insignificant increase of estrogen in beef |
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Ionophores cause what percentage of weight gain: in feedlot calves? stocker calves?
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* Increase weight gain 5-10% in feedlot calves
* Up to 15% in stocker calves o Inhibit lactic acidosis, inhibit bloat, and coccidiostatic properties |
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How much do ionophores * Increase feed efficiency?
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* Increase feed efficiency 5-10%
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What 3 things do ionophores inhibit/prevent?
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* Inhibit lactic acidosis
* Inhibit bloat * Coccidiostatic properties |
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What is the primary component of the equine diet?
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***Forage should be primary component***
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the primary component of the equine diet?
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Provides daily nutrient requirements
Maintains integrity of GI tract Minimizes vices |
