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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the science of how living organisms obtain and use food to support all the processes required for existence? Science of what you eat?
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Nutrition
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Where do dieticians work?
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hospitals, food service companies, restaurants, school cafeterias
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What are some purposes of nutrients?
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1) provide a source of energy
2) provide structure 3) regulate chemical reactions in the body |
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What are macronutrients and list some.
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Nutrients we need large amounts of. Water, Carbs, Proteins, lipids.
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What are micronutrients and list some.
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Nutrients we only need small amounts of. Vitamins and minerals
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What contains C, H, O and are carbs, lipids, proteins and vitamins
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Organic compounds
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What does not contain C, H, O at the same time and are minerals and water?
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Inorganic compounds
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What are organic foods?
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Foods that are grown without using pesticides, herbicides, or synthetic growth promoters.
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What is NOSB?
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National Organic Standards Board
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What comes from plants that aren't essential nutrients. They can help reduce the risk of developing certain diseases.
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Phytochemicals
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What is present in animal foods that provide health benefits beyond the provision of essential nutrients and energy?
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Zoonutrients
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What contains C, O, and H?
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Carbohydrates
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What provides glucose as a source of energy?
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Carbohydrates
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What manufactures DNA?
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Carbohydrates
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What maintains health of digestive system?
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Carbohydrates
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What is the regulatory components in membranes that surrounds cells?
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Carbohydrates
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What is contained in foods like bread, pasta, and tortilla shells?
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Carbohydrates
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What contains Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Sulfur atoms?
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Proteins
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What is a source of energy?
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Proteins
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What composes major structural material in the body?
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Proteins
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What allows humans to move---chief component in muscles?
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Proteins
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What allows internal communication systems to function--hormones?
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Proteins
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What maintains the immune system?
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Proteins
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What drives chemical reactions needed for life--enzymes?
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Proteins
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What is contained in steak, eggs, meat, cheese, nuts?
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Protein!
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What consists of Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen atoms?
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Lipids
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What provides large amounts of energy and storage?
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lipids
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What composes the structure of cell membranes?
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lipids
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What regulates cellular processes?
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lipids
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What assists with the development and structure of some tissues?
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lipids
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What makes up 60% of our body weight?
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Water- H2O
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What is the function of water?
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-transports nutrients, gases and waste products
-serves as environment where chemical reactions occur -regulates body temperature -protects internal organs from damage |
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What contains phosphorus and sulfur sometimes?
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vitamins
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What do not provide structure or energy?
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vitamins
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What are the classifications of vitamins?
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-Water soluble (B,C)
-Fat soluble (A,D,E,K) |
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What regulates body processes and promotes growth and development?
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vitamins
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What protects the body from damaging effects of toxic compounds?
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vitamins
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What builds and maintains tissue?
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vitamins
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What assist in using energy from carbs, proteins and lipids?
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vitamins
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What asisst in disease prevention and treatment?
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vitamins
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What inorganic substance is in the body besides water?
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minerals
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How many minerals are considered essential nutrients?
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16
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What is not used directly for energy but involved in energy-producing reactions?
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minerals
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Which mineral provides matrix for various major structural components of the body?
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calcium
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Which mineral helps regulate a variety of body processes such as water balance?
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Sodium
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Which mineral facilitates chemical reactions?
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zinc
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What is the capacity of a physical system to do work?
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energy
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What is a unit of measure used to express the amount of energy in food?
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calorie
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What is the recommended % of kcal intake we should get from carbohydrates?
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45-65%
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What is the recommended % of kcal intake we should get from proteins
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10-35%
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What is the recommended % of kcal intake we should get from lipids
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20-35%
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
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Observation
Hypothesis Experiment |
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What is a hypothesis?
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A prediction about the relationship between variables
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What can a hypothesis predict?
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Cause and effect relationships
Correlations (associations) |
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What cannot be altered by other factors?
Ex: low iron in diet= iron deficiency |
Simple relationships
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What can be influenced or modified by another factor?
Can be influenced by lifestyle, environment, genetics or pre-existing medical conditions |
Interactions
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What kind of study is taken by a survey or by observing something?
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Epidemiologic
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What kind of study performs a treatment in a study group vs. control?
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Intervention Study
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What is an advantage of an epideiologic study?
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Can study complex relationships between environment, genetics and diet
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What are some disadvantages of an epidemiologic study?
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-correlations may not be casual
-study group may not be representative of entire population |
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Study results influenced by something not related to study interventions. Temporarily change their behavior or performance.
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hawthorne effect
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an effect of treatment because individual believes it will work
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Placebo effect
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When researchers influence the results of a study
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Research bias
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What system studies cell culture in a living organism?
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In Vivo
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What system studies cell culture outside a living organism?
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In Vitro
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What is a measure in population over time?
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Rate
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What is the number of deaths over time?
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Mortality rate
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What is the number of people with an illness over time?
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Morbidity rates
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How can you calculate your Body Mass Index?
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BMI= Weight (kg)/ Height (m)^2
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What are the anthropometric measurements?
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-Height and weight
-Circumferences -Body composition |
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What is a retrospective method of assessing your diet?
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Dietary recall- person recalls what he ate in the past
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What is a prospective method of assessing your diet?
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person keeps track of what he eats for >1 days in the future. This is the most accurate
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What is DRI
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Dietary Reference Intake
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What is the amount of calories that can be consumed beyond what is needed to obtain required amounts of energy and essential nutrients?
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discretionary calorie allowance
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If you wanted to consume 30% of kcal from fat and needed 2,200 kcal, what would the %DV be for fat in a food, if there is 5g of fat in that food?
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.30 x 2,200= 660 kcal
660/9 = 73g 5g/73g x 100= 7% %DV= 7% |
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Anything that occupies space and has mass?
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Matter
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Atoms that have an unequal number of protons and neutrons.
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Ions
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Ion with a positive charge. +
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Cation. (ca+ion)
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Ion with a negative charge. -
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Anion
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Why does an ion change from -ine to -ide?
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an atom gains an electron
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What is a pure substance only made of 1 type of atom?
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Element
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Which elements account for 99% of our total body weight?
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Carbon
Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus |
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What is oxidation?
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Loss of 1 or more electron.
Ex: Fe loses 2 elections, net charge changes to Fe2+ |
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What are the major types of chemical bonds?
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Ionic and Covalent
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What is an ionic bond?
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A cation is attracted to an anion.
Ex: Salt. Na+ + Cl- |
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What is a covalent bond?
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Result of electron sharing between atoms.
Ex: H2O two hydrogens have to share a bond with 1 oxygen |
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What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
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formed when atoms share their electrons equally.
Ex: hydrogen (H2) |
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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one atom has greater tendency to keep its own electron as well as to draw away the other atom's electron.
Ex: H2O |
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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Weak electrical attractions that form between hydrogen atoms and atoms with negative charges.
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What are buffers?
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Solution that reacts with acids and bases to maintain a constant pH.
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Where are buffers found?
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Blood
Kidneys Lungs |
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What types of body buffers are there?
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Hemoglobin- binds to H+ and CO2
Bicarbonate- plasma and RBC Plasma protein Phosphate |
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What are symptoms of acidosis?
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Headaches
Lethargic loss of appetite Difficulty breathing Coma, Death |
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What are symptoms of Alkalosis?
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Dizziness
Light-headed ness muscle cramps convulsions |
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What are symptoms of respiratory acidosis?
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Emphysema, asthma, congestive heart failure
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What are symptoms of Metabolic acidosis?
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starvation, diabetes, kidney disease
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What are symptoms of respiratory alkalosis?
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increased rate of breathing-anxiety
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What are symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?
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excessive vomiting, diuretics, antacids
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