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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An estimated ______% of the adult population(2010) has a BMI greater than 25 (overweight and obese)
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68% |
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The major function of lipoprotein lipase is to
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removes triglycerides from blood for storage.
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What is the rationale for the fat cell theory of obesity?
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Fat cell number increases most readily in late childhood and early puberty
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Hyperplastic obesity is related to a(n)
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increase in the number of fat cells
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Which of the following defines the body’s set point?
-Maximum weight of a person -Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight -Minimum weight of a person - Point at which a person’s weight plateaus before dropping again quickly |
Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
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Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin?
- It stimulates appetite and energy storage -It is a metabolic antagonist of leptin -The blood level in the fasting state correlates directly with body weight -It is released in high amounts from adipocytes during periods of excess energy intake |
It stimulates appetite and energy storage
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the risk for obesity?
-It is usually higher in people with more brown adipose tissue -It is associated more with environment than genetics -It is higher in fraternal than identical twins -It is higher in people who have obese friends, siblings, or a spouse |
It is higher in people who have obese friends, siblings, or a spouse
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of fat cell metabolism in men and women?
-The rate of fat breakdown is higher in women than in men -Lipoprotein lipase enzyme activity is regulated by a gene that responds to weight loss -Fat storage in men develops primarily across the abdomen whereas in women it is found chiefly around the hips and thighs -The release of lower-body fat is more active in men than in women |
The rate of fat breakdown is higher in women than in men
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Which of the following is the best evidence that environment must play a role in obesity?
-The recognition that identical twins reared apart have body weights similar to their biological parents -The rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant -The discovery of uncoupling proteins that explain the variations in energy metabolism among lean and overweight people -The development of precise body composition methodologies that define adipose storage sites based on gender |
The rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of food portion sizes? -They are both high in fat and large in size at restaurants -Reducing portion size has a bigger impact than reducing energy density as a means of lowering total energy intake -They have increased in general and this change parallels the increasing prevalence of obesity -They have increased most notably at fast-food restaurants compared with conventional eating establishments |
-Reducing portion size has a bigger impact than reducing energy density as a means of lowering total energy intake |
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Besides portion size and overeating what is a very important environmental factor which has led to an increase in overweight and obese individuals
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physical inactivity |
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Compared with non-obese people, obese people have a lower
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physical activity level
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To help prevent body fat gain, the DRI suggests daily, moderately intense, physical activities totaling
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60 min |
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What is the best approach to weight loss?
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Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
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The classification of underweight is achieved when the BMI first drops below
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18.5 |
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Which of the following would NOT be part of a successful program of weight gain in an underweight individual?
-Eat energy-dense foods -Engage in regular physical exercise -Eat a large number of small meals -Drink energy-dense beverages |
Eat a large number of small meals
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Which of the following is generally NOT a strategy associated with successful weight loss efforts?
-Limiting television viewing time to <10 hrs. /week -Consulting a support person or group -Eating breakfast -Weighing yourself infrequently |
Weighing yourself infrequently
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What are the observed effects of sleep deprivation on leptin and ghrelin?
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Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of the effect of food accessibility on food intake?
-People at home would rather travel to the store to obtain new food than eat the leftovers -People underestimate the amount of a snack eaten when it is a short distance away -Keeping food out of sight is an effective way to eat less -People eat more of a snack when it is on their desk than when situated only 6 feet away |
people at home would rather travel to the store to obtain new food than eat the leftovers
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Which of the following is a feature of gastric surgery for the treatment of clinically severe obesity?
-Weight regain almost never occurs -It diminishes the amount of food that can be eaten without GI distress -It is less effective than traditional liposuction -It is always an irreversible medical procedure |
It diminishes the amount of food that can be eaten without GI distress
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The prescription drug phentermine acts by regulating the utilization of
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norepinephrine
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Approximately how many kcalories are expended per kilogram body weight when walking a mile at a moderate pace
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1 |
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If a person weighs 176 lbs. and walks 3 miles per day for 7 days, how many kcalories would they spend by end of week?
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1680 |
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Approximately what percentage of overweight people who intentionally lose weight are able to maintain at least a 10% weight loss for at least one year?
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17% |
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To qualify for successful weight-loss maintenance, a 200-pound person who intentionally lost 20 lbs must hold the loss for at least
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1 year |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of most fad diets?
-They produce long-lasting results just like healthy diets -They limit food choices, thereby reducing energy intake -They are balanced and therefore do not require a dietary supplement -Their success depends on the ratios of macronutrients more so than the total energy value |
They limit food choices, thereby reducing energy intake
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All of the following are characteristics of the results of weight-loss surgery EXCEPT
-hunger is suppressed. -medical supervision in the post-surgery period is required only for the first 6-9 months -dramatic improvements are seen in blood lipids, diabetes, and blood pressure. -deficiencies of vitamins and minerals are common in the long term. |
medical supervision in the post-surgery period is required only for the first 6-9 months
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What is the principal reason that the FDA has banned the sale of products containing ephedrine?
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The products were implicated in several cases of heart attacks and seizures
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Kirima is a Native Eskimo who lives in one of the coldest regions in the world. What type of adipose tissue is most effective at helping her to maintain warm body temperatures during the coldest parts of the year?
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brown |
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Which of the following is not a risk factor assoicated with obese and overweight individuals
-hypertension -infertility -sleep apnea -impaired glucose tolerance |
infertility |
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Which of the following is NOT among the general characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins?
-Toxic levels in the body are rarely found -Excesses are eliminated by the kidneys -They must be consumed daily -They are absorbed directly into the blood |
They must be consumed daily
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What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food?
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The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body
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What is a chief function of the B vitamins?
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Coenzyme participation
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When thiamin is consumed in excess of needs, how does the body treat the excess?
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Excreted primarily in the urine
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Cooking a food in liberal amounts of water is least likely to affect its content of
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vitamin A
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Which of the following describes the basic function of a coenzyme?
-Attaches to an enzyme and allows a chemical reaction to take place -Attaches to an enzyme, which allows for transport of the enzyme through the circulation - Attaches to cell membranes to assist in uptake of an enzyme -Attaches to RNA to assist in the synthesis of an enzyme |
Attaches to an enzyme and allows a chemical reaction to take place
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Which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin?
-Formation of epithelial cell mucopolysaccharides -Formation of red blood cells -Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients -Blood coagulation |
Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients
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Which of the following diets is most likely to lead to beriberi?
-Low intakes of enriched grains -Low intakes of whole grains -High intakes of white rice -High intakes of unrefined rice |
High intakes of white rice
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Of the following commonly eaten foods, which makes the greatest contribution to riboflavin intake?
-Potatoes -Peanut butter -Orange juice -Milk |
milk |
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A low-protein diet in which corn is a principal food has been found to cause a deficiency of what vitamin?
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niacin |
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What vitamin deficiency disease appeared in people who had subsisted on a diet high in corn and low in protein?
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pellagra |
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All of the following are features of vitamin B6 metabolism EXCEPT
-its destruction and excretion are promoted by alcohol intake. -a deficiency or toxicity leads to depression. -it enhances physical performance when supplied at a level of l mg/g of dietary protein. -it functions primarily as the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. |
it enhances physical performance when supplied at a level of l mg/g of dietary protein.
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What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for vitamin B6?
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100 mg/day
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Which disease and vitamin deficiency is mismatched?
-Scurvy- vitamin C -Pellagra-B3 (niacin) -Beriberi- B1(thiamin(e) -Spina bifida- B12 |
Spina bifida- B12
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Which of the following is associated with a deficiency of folate?
-Hemolyticanemia -Hypoxemia -Macrocytic anemia -Hemolysis |
Macrocytic anemia
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What is the RDA for folate for a woman (not pregnant or lactating) weighing 132 pounds?
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400 μg/day
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Which of the following foods is highest in folate?
-Dairyproducts -Starches -Meats -Green, leafy vegetables |
green, leafy veggies |
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The absorption of which of the following vitamins is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis?
-Pantothenic acid -Choline -Vitamin C - Vitamin B12 |
Vitamin B12
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The adult RDA for vitamin B12 (µg/day) is
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2.4 |
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The protein that requires ascorbic acid for its formation is
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collagen |
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Which of these meals is lowest in vitamin C?
-Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and tea -Spaghetti with tomato sauce, meatball, garlic bread, and red wine -Roast beef, broccoli, noodles, and coffee -Hot dog, cabbage, French fries, and milk |
Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and tea
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Which of the following is a feature of choline in nutrition?
-It is abundant in green leafy vegetables -Average intakes in the United States are lower than recommended -It is an analog of ascorbic acid -The body can synthesize it from cysteine |
Average intakes in the United States are lower than recommended
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Why are strict vegetarians at risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency?
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Vegetarian diets provide insufficient amounts of the vitamin
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Which of the following is a feature of pantothenic acid in nutrition?
-Absorption from foods is inhibited by aspirin -It functions in the metabolism of amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids -Deficiencies are seen primarily in children ages 4-10 years -A deficiency or a toxicity shows similar symptoms |
It functions in the metabolism of amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids
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Among the following compounds that serve as coenzymes in metabolism, which is considered a vitamin for human beings?
-Orotic acid -Biotin -Lipoic acid -Inositol |
biotin |
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In the United States, what is the RDA for vitamin C for adult females?
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75mg |
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Which of the following has the highest amount of Vitamin C?
-½ cup of red bell pepper -1 egg -1 slice of whole wheat bread - ¾ cup of tomato juice |
½ cup of red bell pepper
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If a dietary supplement poses a significant risk of illness to consumers, what agency must prove harm before removing the product from the market?
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FDA |
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What nutrient is responsible for causing the most accidental ingestion deaths in children?
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iron |
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What food makes a significant contribution to vitamin C intakes in the U.S. population despite its modest vitamin C concentration?
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potatoes |
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Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins?
-Intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation -Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet -Toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K than for other fat-soluble vitamins -Most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria |
Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet
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Which of the following is NOT a form of vitamin A?
-Retinol -Retinoic acid -Retinal -Retinoquinone |
Retinoquinone |
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Retinol-binding protein is required to transport vitamin |
A |
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What form of vitamin A supports vision but not growth?
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Retinal |
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The adult RDA for vitamin A is approximately
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700-900 µg (micrograms) |
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Which of the following provides the least amount of precursor vitamin A? - Corn -Pumpkin -Carrots -Spinach -Cantaloupe |
Corn |
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Which of the following is likely to induce vitamin A toxicity in adults? -Drinking 2 quarts of vitamin A-fortified milk daily -Consuming large amounts of dark green and deep orange vegetables -Eating beef liver once a month - Consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements |
Consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements |
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Approximately what percentage of the body’s vitamin A stores are found in the liver? |
90 |
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A in foods? -Anthocyanin in beets masks the presence of beta-carotene -Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene -Most carotenoids can be converted in the body to active vitamin A -Margarine made from corn oil is a poor source of vitamin A |
Chlorophyll in dark green leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene |
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Studies in developing countries have demonstrated that the mortality rate of children with measles can be significantly reduced by providing supplements of |
Vitamin A |
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Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions? |
Night Blindness |
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Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions? |
Cornea |
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Which of the following vitamins has been noted as preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins? -Vitamin D -Vitamin A -Vitamin K -Vitamin E |
Vitamin E |
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Which of the following is an especially rich source of vitamin E? -Carrots -Milk fat -Wheat germ oil -Butter |
wheat germ oil |
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Which of the following is characteristic of the tocopherols? -The various tocopherol compounds can be converted to the active alpha-tocopherol -They are usually found in foods high in polyunsaturated fats -The various tocopherols perform similar roles in the body -Good food sources include lean meats and dairy |
They are usually found in foods high in polyunsaturated fats |
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Which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin E therapy? -Musculardystrophy -Diabetes -Intermittent claudication -Pernicious anemia |
Intermittent claudication |
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Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency in people? -Erythrocyte hemolysis -Xerophthalmia -Rickets -Diabetes insipidus |
Erythrocyte hemolysis |
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The animal version of vitamin D is known as |
cholecalciferol |
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Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D? -Carotene -Exposure to sunlight -Bone -Tryptophan |
Exposure to sunlight |
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Which of the following is NOT a major target organ for the action of activated vitamin D? -Liver -Bone -Intestine -Kidney |
intestine |
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In what system would the effects of a vitamin D deficiency be most readily observed |
skeletal |
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What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin D in individuals around 20 years of age? |
15 μg |
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Which of the following is not a source of Vitamin D? -sardines -fortified milk -tofu -egg yolk |
tofu |
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What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults? |
Osteomalasia |
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All of the following are other names for vitamin D EXCEPT -calciferol -calcitonin -calcitriol -cholecalciferol |
calcitonin |
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What oil soluble vitamin is found in sunflower kernels? |
vitamin E |
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Which of the following is known to require vitamin K for its synthesis? -Albumin -Prothrombin -Mucopolysaccharides -GI mucosa |
Prothrombin |
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What is the adult AI for vitamin K |
90-120 µg |
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All of the following are features of vitamin K in nutrition EXCEPT -gut microflora synthesis supplies sufficient amounts to meet the needs of most healthy adults. -risk of deficiency is increased in people taking antibiotics for prolonged periods. -infants frequently require a supplement at birth. - good food sources are plants of the cabbage family. |
gut microflora synthesis supplies sufficient amounts to meet the needs of most healthy adults. |
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Which of the following foods are sources of vitamin K? -salmon, mackerel, sardines, fortified diary products -olive oil, sunflower seeds, and almonds -Brussels sprouts, cabbage, spinach, soybean oil, canola oil -oranges, lemons, kiwi, grapefruit |
Brussels sprouts, cabbage, spinach, soybean oil, canola oil |
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Approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134-lb person? Hint: start with what percentage of the body is water. Multiply percentage by weight. This is a calculation problem. |
80 |
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Which of the following is not a function of water in the body? -Maintains protein structure -Source of energy -Lubricant -Participant in chemical reactions |
source of energy |
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In the body, water that resides between cells is known as |
interstitial fluid. |
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All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration except -thirst -fatigue -weakness -spastic muscles |
spastic muscles |
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Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst? -Cerebellum -Brain stem -hypothalamus -Optic nerve |
hypothalamus |
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Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition? -Soft water has significant concentrations of magnesium and calcium -Water intoxication is rare but can result in death -Water losses from the body are highest through the feces -Chronic high intakes increase the risk for bladder cancer |
Water intoxication is rare but can result in death |
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The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately |
1.5 to 2.5 liters |
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Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism? |
250 |
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Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals? -Soft water -Distilled water -Hard water -Natural water |
distilled water |
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What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids? |
kidneys |
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How does antidiuretic hormone function? |
It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys |
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Which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution? -Vigorously shake a mixture of corn oil and water -Vigorously shake a pinch of table sugar in warm water -Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water -Dissolve a pinch of corn starch in a glass of water |
Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water |
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What is the major extracellular cation? |
Na+ |
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What is the major intracellular cation? |
K+ |
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What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations of solutes are separated by a semi- permeable membrane? |
osmotic pressure |
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The normal blood pH range is approximately |
7.35-7.45 |
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All of the following play important roles in acid-base balance except -the lungs -blood buffers -the gall bladder -the kidneys |
the gallbladder |
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What cardiovascular condition occurs most often in persons who consume too much sodium? |
hypertention |
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Which of the following does not have sodium? -kosher salt -high fructose corn syrup -MSG or Accent™ (found in a lot of Chinese food) -baking soda |
high fructose corn syrup |
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How much sodium is contained in a fast-food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g? Hint: 40% of NaCl (salt) is sodium. Hint: 1 gram= 1000mg |
1,000 mg Na atomic mass is 23 and Cl atomic mass is 35.4. Therefore molecular weight of NaCl is 58.4 (23/58.4)x 100= 40% of NaCl is sodium. .40 x 2500=1000mg of Sodium |
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Which of the following is a major function of chloride? -Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte -Helps maintain gastric acidity -Protects bone structures against degeneration -Participates in wound healing |
helps maintain gastric acidity |
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All of the following are characteristics of chloride in nutrition except -deficiencies are extremely rare. -it is necessary for maintaining electrolyte balance of body fluids. -intake is related, in large part, to sodium intake. -the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight. |
the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight. |
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Which of the following is the primary function of potassium? -Helps maintain gastric acidity -Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte -Participates in wound healing -Protects bone structures against degeneration |
Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte |
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Which of the following is not a feature of potassium deficiency? -It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources -It leads to hyperglycemia - It can be prevented by consumption of potatoes with skins - It leads to higher blood pressure |
It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources |
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Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency? -Lowered blood pressure -Extreme thirst -Muscle weakness -Profound sweating |
Muscle weakness |
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Which of the following is a poor source of potassium? Hint if you do not know look up in appendix H of textbook or in Diet Analysis. Also refer to charts- such as foods high in potassium in textbook. -bananas -baked potato with skins -white rice -avocados |
white rice |
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All of the following are features of potassium in nutrition except -high intakes may protect against stroke -per serving size, legumes are a rich source -per serving size, bananas are a rich source -processed foods are a major source |
processed foods are a major source |
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As far as is known, which of the following is not a process that directly involves calcium? -Blood clotting -Nerve transmission -Maintenance of heart beat -pH regulation |
pH regulation |
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Which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood? -Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin hormone -Dietary intake of calcium -Glucagon and epinephrine -Dietary intake of phosphorus |
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin hormone |
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Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium? -Fruits -Enriched grains -Certain green vegetables - Breads |
Certain green vegetables |
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Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium? -Broccoli -Milk -Spinach -Pinto beans |
broccoli |
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A measure of the amount at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed |
bioavailability. |
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Which of the following is not a trace element? -iodine -zinc -calcium -iron |
calcium |
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Which of the following is a protein that carries iron through the circulation to the tissues? -Hemosiderin -Metallothionein -Transferrin -Albumin |
transferrin |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of iron absorption? -Transferrin released from pancreatic juice regulates iron uptake from mucosal cells -Ferritin in red meat interferes with ferrous iron absorption -Absorption of heme iron is about 50% higher than nonheme iron -MPF in plant foods enhances overall iron absorption |
Absorption of heme iron is about 50% higher than nonheme iron |
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How does vitamin C enhance iron absorption when consumed in the same meal? |
It keeps iron in the reduced ferrous form |
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Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form? -Rice -Chicken -Spinach -Orange juice |
chicken |
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Which of the following nutrients enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract? -Biotin -vitamin C -Vitamin D - Calcium |
vitamin C |
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e following population groups is least susceptible to iron-deficiency anemia? -Older infants -Women of childbearing age -Men 20-45 years of age -Children 2-10 years of age |
Men 20-45 years of age |
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The most common tests to diagnose iron deficiency include all of the following measures except -number of red blood cells -hemoglobin content of red blood cells -DNA content of red blood cells -size of red blood cells |
DNA content of red blood cells |
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n the United States, iron is currently added to which of the following foods? -Orange juice and tomato juice -Peanut butter and jellies C -Breads and cereals -Milk and cheese |
breads and cereals |
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All of the following are considered heavy metals except -iron -mercury -lead - cadmium |
iron |
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Approximately how much iodized salt must be consumed to meet but not exceed the RDA for iodine? |
1/2 teaspoon |
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Which of the following foods has the riches source of iodine? -corn -lake trout -salmon -orange juice |
salmon |
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The RDA for iodine is |
150 micrograms |
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In the United States what is added to salt? |
iodine |
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Simple goiter is caused by a dietary deficiency of |
iodine |
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Cretinism is caused by a deficiency of: |
iodine |
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A classical sign of zinc deficiency is: |
growth retardation |
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The rare genetic disorders Menkes disease and Wilson’s disease result from abnormal utilization of |
copper |
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Which of the following is a feature of copper nutrition? -Absorption efficiency is similar to that of iron -Deficiency is common in children of Middle East countries -Soft water may provide significant amounts in the diet -It is involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing |
It is involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing |
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Which of the following meats would be the best source of copper? -Hamburger -Shellfish -Beefsteak -Chicken |
shellfish |
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Fluoride deficiency is best known to lead to |
dental decay |
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Naturally occurring food sources of fluoride include all of the following except -milk -teas -shrimp -tuna |
milk |
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Which of the following is known to cause discolored enamel of the teeth? -Insufficient fluoride in the water -Excessive fluoride in the water - Excessive intake of simple sugars - Inability of the body to absorb fluoride |
Excessive fluoride in the water |
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What trace mineral enhances insulin activity? |
chromium |
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One of the chief functions of chromium is participation in the metabolism of |
carbs |
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Chromium deficiency is characterized by |
hyperglycemia. |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of chromium in nutrition? -A deficiency leads to hypothyroidism -In the body, it enhances the action of ceruloplasmin -Whole grains represent an excellent source -Supplements are known to be helpful |
Whole grains represent an excellent source |
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What trace mineral is part of vitamin B12? |
cobalt |
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Which of the following trace minerals is known to be involved in bone development? -Silicon -Tin -Cobalt -Barium |
silicon |
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The components of fitness include all of the following except -strength -cardiovascular endurance -flexibility -bone fragility |
bone fagility |
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Substantial health benefits may be achieved by engaging in a moderately intense level of exercise at a frequency of at least |
2.5 hours/week |
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Which of the following is notderived directly from cardiorespiratory conditioning? -Increased blood volume and oxygen delivery -Slowed resting pulse - Increased breathing efficiency - Increased flexibility |
Increased flexibility |
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For maximum benefits, cardiorespiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for at least |
20 min |
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In weight training, muscle endurance can best be emphasized by combining a |
high number of repetitions with lighter weight |
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What high-energy compound acts as a reservoir of energy for the maintenance of a steady supply of ATP? |
Creatine phosphate |
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What substance contains the chemical energy that drives immediate muscle contraction? |
ATP |
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What is the usual fate of muscle glycogen during exercise? |
Utilized as a fuel within the muscle cells only |
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What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations? |
Carbohydrates |
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A tissue deprived of an oxygen supply (anaerobic) during exercise would develop an accumulation of |
lactate (lactic acid) |
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What is the name of the biochemical pathway describing the conversion of lactate to glucose? |
Cori cycle |
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When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as “hitting the wall,” what nutrient is most likely depleted? |
Glucose |
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What type of meal and time of its ingestion promotes the most rapid restoration of glycogen stores after physical activity? |
High-carbohydrate meal taken within 15 minutes |
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What cellular organelles are responsible for producing ATP aerobically? |
Mitochondria |
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e following describes fat utilization during physical activity? -Fat represents the major fuel source during sustained, moderate activity -Fat is burned in higher quantities during short, high-intensity exercises than prolonged, low-intensity exercises -Fat oxidization makes more of a contribution as the intensity of the exercise increases -Fat that is stored closest to the exercising muscle is oxidized first |
Fat represents the major fuel source during sustained, moderate activity |
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Which of the following is a feature of iron nutrition in athletes? -Iron in sweat represents the major route of iron loss from the body -Sports anemia is successfully treated by increasing dietary iron to levels 2-3 times the RDA - Iron deficiency affects a higher percentage of male athletes than female athletes -Iron losses occur from accelerated destruction of fragile, older blood cells |
Iron losses occur from accelerated destruction of fragile, older blood cells |
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Physical performance is noticeably affected when body water loss first reaches |
2% |
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All of the following are characteristics of heat stroke except - it is due, in part, to dehydration. - its symptoms include headache, nausea, and mental changes. -it is caused by heat buildup in the body. -it is rarely fatal. |
it is rarely fatal. |
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Hyponatremia refers to low blood levels of |
sodium |
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Which of the following should be a component of a healthy diet for athletes? -Nutrient-dense foods - Salt tablets - Vitamin and mineral supplements - Protein powders |
Nutrient-dense foods |
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All of the following are characteristics of nutrition and pregnancy except -overweight men have low sperm counts that reduce fertility. -underweight has little, if any, effect on fertility. -the woman’s nutritional status is more important than the man’s for the developing fetus. -excess body fat in women interferes with the regular cycles of menstruation. |
underweight has little, if any, effect on fertility. |
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Which of the following describes the capacity of a man to produce sperm and a woman to periodically produce a normal egg? -Implantation zone -Conception -Fertility -Zygote |
fertility |
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What is the placenta? |
An organ from which the infant receives nourishment from the mother |
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A newly fertilized egg is known as a(n) |
zygote |
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What is the term given to the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth? |
fetus |
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Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of |
3 months, called trimesters |
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All of the following statements are specific to the critical periods of cell division except -malnutrition during critical periods can have irreversible effects - malnutrition during pregnancy can affect fetal cell division -high-nutrient-density food fed after the critical period can remedy a growth deficit - whatever nutrients are needed during a critical period must be supplied at that time |
high-nutrient-density food fed after the critical period can remedy a growth deficit |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of neural tube defects? -They can be prevented by supplementation of the pregnant woman’s diet with vitamin B12 -They can be prevented by supplementation of the pregnant woman’s diet with vitamins A and E -They are found in about 1,000 newborns in the United States each year -They include common disorders such as liver and kidney disease |
they are found in about 1,000 newborns in the United States each year |
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Which of the following nutrients taken as a prenatal supplement has been found to be associated with a lower incidence of neural tube defects? -Cobalamin - Iron -Folate -Calcium |
folate |
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What is the most reliable indicator of an infant’s future health status? |
infants birth weight |
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What is the recommended range of weight gain during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman? |
25-35 lbs |
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All of the following are normal body responses to pregnancy except -joints become more flexible - blood volume increases -body water level decreases - breast size increases |
body water level decreases |
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To maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, all of the following activities are considered acceptable except - saunas - swimming - 45-minute balanced exercise sessions 3 times/week - playing singles tennis |
saunas |
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What is the recommended increase in daily energy intake for the third trimester of pregnancy? |
450 kcal |
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Which of the following nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells? -Protein and chromium -Calcium and vitamin A -Vitamin E and vitamin C - Folate and vitamin B12 |
Folate and vitamin B12 |
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Examine the following menu for a pregnant woman. Breakfast 2 scrambled eggs• 1 crushed wheat English muffin• 1 cup orange juice• Lunch• 2 pieces (4 oz) fried chicken• 2 wheat rolls w/butter• cup mashed potatoes and gravy• Iced tea• Supper 3 oz pork chop• 1 ear corn on the cob• Lettuce and tomato salad with 2 tbsp dressing• 1 slice bread According to the recommended food intake for pregnancy, which of the following food groups is the only one that is provided in sufficient amounts by this menu? |
meats |
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All of the following reflect a state of iron nutrition in pregnancy except -most women enter pregnancy with adequate stores of the mineral. -absorption of the mineral increases due to higher blood transferrin. - the mineral is conserved during this period. - stores of the mineral are transferred to the fetus even with low dietary intake |
most women enter pregnancy with adequate stores of the mineral. |
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During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption? -Calcium and iron - Protein and fat -Thiamin and ascorbic acid -Salt and sugar |
calcium and iron |
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The common problems of pregnancy include all of the following except -nausea -constipation -low blood pressure -heartburn |
low BP |
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Which of the following is the standard classification for a low-birth weight infant? -3 lbs or less -5 lbs or less -4 lbs or less -6 lbs or less |
5 lbs or less |
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What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman? |
preeclampsia |
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What is gestational diabetes? |
Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of gestational diabetes? -It occurs more often in women with a history of having premature births -It occurs in over one-half of normal weight women - It leads to adult-onset diabetes in about a third of the women - It predicts risk of diabetes for the infant |
it leads to adult-onset diabetes in about a third of the women |
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With few exceptions, all of the following substances or practices should be totally eliminated during pregnancy except -weight-loss dieting -cigarette smoking -artificial sweeteners - alcohol consumption |
artificial sweetners |
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What is the risk of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome for a woman who is 40 years old compared with a 20 year old? |
much higher |
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What is fetal alcohol syndrome? |
congenital defects including brain and facial deformation that occur in the fetus when the mother drinks alcohol during the pregnancy |
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Which of the following recommendations for pregnant women and alcohol intake has been issued by the U.S. Surgeon General? -They are permitted to ingest small amounts of alcohol during the first 3 months but none thereafter -They should refrain from drinking hard liquor only -They are permitted to ingest no more than 2 drinks per day -They should drink absolutely no alcohol |
NO alcohol |
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All of the following are effects of tobacco use in pregnancy except -an increased risk for vaginal bleeding. -an increased risk for SIDS. -an increased risk for macrosomia. -an increased risk for fetal death. |
an increased risk for macrosomia |
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The number of extra kcalories per day needed to produce a normal supply of milk during the first six months of lactation is approximately |
500 |
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Which of the following is a function of prolactin? -It reverses the effects of certain teratogens - It acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk release -It reverses the effects of certain mutagens -It acts on mammary glands to promote milk production |
It acts on mammary glands to promote milk production |
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A positive relationship exists between sudden infant death syndrome and which of the following behaviors during pregnancy? -Cigarette smoking -Lack of exercise -Vitamin C supplements -High fish intake |
cigarette smoking |
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What would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birth weight of 8 lbs? -16 lbs - 12 lbs -24 lbs -35 lbs |
24 lbs |
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What is the approximate energy requirement of infants, in kcalories per kilogram body weight? |
100 |
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What organ in the infant uses more than half of the day’s total energy intake? |
brain |
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Breast milk as the sole source of nutrition, up to the first 6 months in healthy infants, is satisfactory for all nutrients except -vitamin D. -zinc and vitamin A. - iron and folate. - sodium. |
vitamin D |
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Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants? - One year -Two months -Two weeks -Five months |
five months |
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Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied first by solid foods in a baby’s diet? -Vitamin E and magnesium -Vitamin B12 and fluoride -Vitamin C and iron -Vitamin A and zinc |
Vitamin C and iron |
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Approximately how many kcal per day does an average 6 year old need to obtain? |
1600 |
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The food pyramid for children recommends that children 2-5 eat how many cups of fruits and vegetables |
1.5 cups of vegetables and 1 cup of fruit |
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Children between 4-18 years old should consume how much fat? |
between 25 and 35% |
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How much more total energy does a normal-weight 10 year old need vs. a 1 year old? |
150% |
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A reasonable daily fiber intake for a 5 year old would be |
25 g. |
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Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children? -Iron -Vitamin C -Calcium - Protein |
iron |
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A life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction is known as |
anaphylactic shock. |
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A child known to be allergic to peanuts who begins to show signs such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, and severe abdominal discomfort is most likely in immediate need of a life-saving injection of |
epi |
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Persons who show adverse reactions to foods such as increased pulse rate, nausea, and hives, but do notshow antibodies to the offending foods, are displaying |
food intolerance |
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Approximately what percentage of U.S. children between 2 and 19 years of age are overweight? |
32 |
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The typical can of soft drink contains the equivalent of how many teaspoons of sugar? |
10 |
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Five cans of soft drinks provide approximately how many kcalories? |
750 |
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Which of the following is a feature of nutrition and behavior in children? -Hyperactivity responds favorably to a low-sugar diet -The adverse effects from caffeine first appear only after drinking 6 cans of cola in one day -Television commercials featuring snack foods have been found to affect children’s food preferences -Because most children are sensitive to the stimulating effects of caffeine, they are able to control their intake of cola beverages |
Television commercials featuring snack foods have been found to affect children’s food preferences |
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Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child? -Encourage the individual to eat quickly and then leave the table -Institute new eating habits such as teaching the individual to clean the food plate -Engage the individual in at least 1 hour per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity |
Engage the individual in at least 1 hour per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity |
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Which of the following practices is not among the recommendations to help children develop an interest in vegetables? -Serve vegetables undercooked and crunchy -Serve vegetables with the promise that after they are eaten, dessert will follow -Serve vegetables separately on the plate -Serve vegetables warm, not hot |
Serve vegetables with the promise that after they are eaten, dessert will follow |
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All of the following are features of snacking in children except -snacking should be prevented. -children select healthier snacks when their parents are watching. - sweet snacks are preferred to bland ones. -snacks should be as nutritious as regular meal foods. |
snacking should be prevented. |
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Which of the following is not among the recommended methods for introducing new foods to children? -Create a pleasant eating atmosphere -Offer foods one at a time -Present new foods at the end of the meal -Offer foods in small amounts |
Present new foods at the end of the meal |
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The single most effective way to teach nutrition to children is by |
example |
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What minimum fraction of the RDA for key nutrients for children 10-12 years of age should be provided by public school lunches? |
1/3 |
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Which of the following is a feature of public school food programs? -They allow for low-fat menus while still meeting the needs for iron -They are overwhelmingly preferred over the foods obtained by students through on-site vending machines and snack bars -They ensure a lunch period long enough to consume the entire meal -They must follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans |
They must follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans |
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What is the approximate duration of the adolescent growth spurt? |
2 years |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the adolescent period? -Obesity occurs more often in African-American females -The risk for calcium insufficiency is greatest in males due to their high intake of soft drinks -More nutrient-dense foods are needed by males because of their faster development ]-Appetite for red meat increases in females to meet iron needs |
Obesity occurs more often in African-American females |
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All of the following are features of the iron RDA for adolescents except -the RDA for 13-year-old males and females is about the same. -the RDA increases during the growth spurt for both males and females. -iron intakes often do not meet increasing needs for growth for males and females. -the frequency of iron deficiency is similar among males and females of the same age. |
the frequency of iron deficiency is similar among males and females of the same age. |
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Approximately how much caffeine is delivered by a typical cola beverage? |
30-55 mg |
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What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States? |
Over 85 years |
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What is the most important predictor of a person’s mobility in the later years? |
regular physical activity |
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The relationship of overweight and health risks diminishes with age, starting after age |
65 |
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What is sarcopenia? |
Loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging |
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A person with dysphagia has |
difficulty swallowing |
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Atrophic gastritis is typically characterized by all of the following signs except -abundant bacteria in the stomach -lack of hydrochloric acid -insufficient secretion of pepsinogen and gastrin - inflamed stomach mucosa |
insufficient secretion of pepsinogen and gastrin |
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Among the elderly, malnutrition is most common in those living |
in nursing homes |
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What is the highest age group recognized in the Dietary Reference Intakes? |
71 years and older |
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Approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70 year old versus a 30 year old? |
20 |
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Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism? -They frequently show symptoms of over-hydration such as mental lapses and disorientation -They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth -They have a higher total body water content compared with younger adults -They show increased frequency of urination, which results in higher requirements |
They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth |
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What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults? |
6 |
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To prevent and treat the high incidence of constipation in the elderly, all of the following practices are known to be effective except -drinking more water -eating more legumes -taking vitamin B12 injections -increasing physical activity |
taking vitamin B12 injections |
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A condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people is |
poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids |
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What nutrients appear to be protective of cataract formation? |
Vitamin C and vitamin E |
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Which of the following foods seems to benefit rheumatoid arthritis in some people? -Milk -Iodized salt -Refined cereals -Olive oil |
olive oil |
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Which of the following is not a common feature of gout? -It affects mostly men - It is a form of arthritis -It is treated by reducing intake of milk products -It results from uric acid crystals in the joints |
It is treated by reducing intake of milk products |
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What percentage of U.S. adults are affected by Alzheimer’s disease after age 70? |
10 |
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Goals of the federal Older Americans Act nutrition program include the provision of all of the following except -counseling and referral to other social services -transportation services -high-cost nutritious meals -opportunity for social interactions |
high-cost nutritious meals |
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All of the following are features of the Meals on Wheels program except -it provides the same social benefits as congregate meals. -it operates at least 5 days a week. -it is administered by volunteers. -the only qualification to receive benefits is achieving the age of 60 years |
it provides the same social benefits as congregate meals. |
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What fraction of prescription drugs sold in the United States is taken by people over 65 years of age? |
1/3 |
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Which of the following leading causes of death in the United States does notbear a relationship to diet? -Cancer - Diabetes mellitus -Pneumonia and influenza - Heart disease |
Pneumonia and influenza |
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Which of the following may be classified as a risk factor for coronary heart disease? -BMI of 26 -High C-reactive protein levels -High HDL-cholesterol levels -Low LDL-cholesterol levels |
High C-reactive protein levels |
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What disease accounts for the majority of deaths in U.S. women? |
coronary heart disease |
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What blood cholesterol carrier is of greatest concern in atherosclerosis? |
LDL |
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A person who produces a normal amount of insulin but whose cells show suboptimal response is said to be |
insulin resistant |
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Which of the following is not one of the factors that would lead a person with high blood pressure to develop the metabolic syndrome? -Abdominal obesity -Insulin resistance -Diuretic use -High blood triglycerides |
diuretic use |
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Risk factors for coronary heart disease that can be minimized by behavioral change include all of the followingexcept -stress. -heredity. -hypertension. -smoking. |
heredity |
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To lower a high blood cholesterol level, all of the following are recommended except -lower the saturated fat intake to ≤7% total energy. -consume 2 servings/week of fish. -consume 300 mg or less of cholesterol per day. -decrease the carbohydrate intake to <50% of total energy. |
decrease the carbohydrate intake to <50% of total energy. |
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The DASH diet is actually the acronym for |
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension |
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Which of the following is not among the recommendations by health professionals to treat hypertension? -Increase fiber intake -Eat foods high in potassium -Decrease intake of dairy products to avoid sodium -If overweight, reduce weight |
Decrease intake of dairy products to avoid sodium |
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People who use diuretics are most at risk of developing imbalances of |
potassium |
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In which of the following conditions would the pancreas be unable to synthesize insulin? -Adult-onset diabetes mellitus -Type 2 diabetes mellitus -Type 1 diabetes mellitus -Hyperglycemia |
type 1 diabetes mellitus |
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All of the following are among the symptoms of diabetes except -polydipsia. -swollen lymph nodes -polyuria. - polyphagia. |
swollen lymph nodes |
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The excessive thirst common in diabetes is known as |
polydipsia |
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Which of the following is known to speed up the passage of substances through the large intestine, thereby decreasing exposure time to carcinogens? -Milk -Omega-3 fats -Fiber -Refined starches |
fiber |
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Which of the following foods is known to contain abundant amounts of phytonutrients that protect against cancers of the esophagus and endometrium? -Lycopene-rich vegetables -Allium-rich vegetables -Cruciferous vegetables -Fermented dairy foods |
-Cruciferous vegetables |
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Being obese is known to increase the probabilities of contracting all of the following diseases except -diabetes. -cancer. -kwashiorkor. -hypertension. |
kwashiorkor. |
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Which of the following affects the immune system the most? -protein deficiencies -fat deficiencies -carbohydrate imbalances |
protein deficincies |
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Diets rich in fiber, phytochemicals, and the antioxidant nutrients (beta-carotene, Vitamin C and Vitamin E) help protect against chronic diseases. (True/False) |
true |
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What is C- reactive protein? |
an inflammation protein that is predictive of heart attack |
