Nutrition Chapter 8 And 9

Front 1

Adjustments in energy expenditure related to changes in environment such as cold and to physiological events such as overfeeding, trauma, and changes in hormone status.

Back 1

Adaptive thermogenesis

Front 2

Estimates body composition by having a person sit inside a chamber while computerized sensors determine the amount of air displaced by the person's body.

Back 2

Air displacement plethysmography

Front 3

The integrated response to the sight, smell, thought, taste of food that initiates or delays eating.

Back 3

Appetite

Front 4

The rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12-hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting. It is usually expressed as kcalories per kilogram body weight per hour.

Back 4

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Front 5

The energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest.

Back 5

Basal metabolism

Front 6

A method for estimating body fat using low-intensity electrical current.

Back 6

Bioelectrical impedance

Front 7

The proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight.

Back 7

Body composition

Front 8

An index of a person's weight in relation to height, determined by dividing the weight (in kilograms) by the square of the height (in meters).

Back 8

Body mass index (BMI)

Front 9

An instrument that measures the heat energy released when foods are burned, thus providing an estimate of the potential energy of the foods.

Back 9

Bomb calorimeter

Front 10

Excess fat around the trunk of the body; also called abdominal fat or upper body fat.

Back 10

Central obesity

Front 11

The measurement of energy output as heat energy.

Back 11

Direct calorimetry

Front 12

Uses two low-dose X-rays that differentiate among fat-free soft tissue (lean body mass), fat tissue, and bone tissue, providing a precise measurement of total fat and its distribution in all but extremely obese subjects.

Back 12

Duel energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Front 13

Estimate body fat by using a caliper to gauge the thickness of a fold of skin on the back of the arm (over the triceps), below the shoulder blade (subscapular), and in other places (including lower-body sites) and then comparing these measurements with standards.

Back 13

Fatfold measures

Front 14

The painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food-seeking behavior.

Back 14

Hunger

Front 15

Measures body density by weighing the person first on land and then again while submerged in water.

Back 15

Hydrodensitometry

Front 16

A brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite.

Back 16

Hypothalamus

Front 17

The estimation of energy output from measures of the amount of oxygen used and carbon dioxide eliminated.

Back 17

Indirect calorimetry

Front 18

The condition in which a normal amount of insulin produces a subnormal effect, resulting in an elevated fasting glucose; a metabolic consequence of obesity that precedes type 2 diabetes.

Back 18

Insulin resistance

Front 19

Fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs, as opposed to the fat stored directly under the skin (subcutaneous fat).

Back 19

Intra-abdominal fat

Front 20

The weight of the body minus the fat content.

Back 20

Lean body mass

Front 21

A chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite, diminishes energy expenditure, and increases fat storage.

Back 21

Neuropeptide Y

Front 22

Body weight above some standard of acceptable weight that is usually defined in relation to height (such as BMI)

Back 22

Overweight

Front 23

The number of kcalories that the human body derives from a food, as contrasted with the number of kcalories determined by calorimetry.

Back 23

Physiological fuel value

Front 24

Similar to the basal metabolic rate (BMR), a measure of the energy use of a person at rest in a comfortable setting, but with less stringent criteria for recent food intake and physical activity.

Back 24

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Consequently, the RMR is slightly higher than the BMR.

Front 25

Having the power to suppress hunger and inhibit eating.

Back 25

Satiating

Front 26

The feeling of satisfaction that occurs during a meal and halts eating.

Back 26

Satiation

Front 27

The feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal.

Back 27

Satiety

Front 28

Eating in response to arousal.

Back 28

Stress eating

Front 29

An estimation of the energy required to process food (digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store ingested nutrients); also called the specific dynamic effect (SDE) of food, or the specific dynamic activity (SDA) of food.

Back 29

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

The sum of the TEF and any increase in the metabolic rate due to overeating is known as diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)

Front 30

The generation of heat; used in physiology and nutrition studies as an index of how much energy the body is expanding.

Back 30

Thermogenesis

Front 31

Body weight below some standard of acceptable weight that is usually defined in relation to height (such as BMI).

Back 31

Underweight

Front 32

An anthropometric measurement used to assess a persons abdominal fat.

Back 32

Waist circumference

Front 33

The field of medicine specializing in the treatment of obesity.

Back 33

Bariatrics

Front 34

The changing of behavior by the manipulation of antecedents (cues or environmental factors that trigger behavior), the behavior, and consequences (the penalties or rewards attached to behavior).

Back 34

Behavior modification

Front 35

Masses of specialized fat cells packed with pigmented mitochondria that produce heat instead of ATP.

Back 35

Brown adipose tissue.

Front 36

Supposedly, a lumpy form of fat; actually, a fraud. Fatty areas of the body may appear lumpy when the strands of connective tissue that attach the skin to underlying muscles pull tight where the fat is thick. The fat itself is the same as fat anywhere else in the body. If the fat in these areas is lost, the lumpy appearance disappears.

Back 36

Cellulite

Front 37

A BMI of 40 or greater or a BMI of 35 or great with additional medical problems. A less preferred term used to describe the same condition is morbid obesity.

Back 37

Clinically severe obesity

Front 38

The appearance of a disease (usually infectious) or condition that attacks many people at the same time in the same region.

Back 38

Epidemic

Front 39

Popular eating plans that promise quick weight loss. Most fad diets severely limit certain foods or overemphasize others (for example, never eat potatoes or pasta or eat cabbage soup daily).

Back 39

Fad diets

Front 40

All the genetic information of a population at a given time.

Back 40

Gene pool

Front 41

A protein produced by the stomach cells that enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure.

Back 41

Ghrelin

Front 42

Obesity due to an increase in the number of fat cells.

Back 42

Hyperplastic obesity

Front 43

Obesity due to an increase in the size of fat cells.

Back 43

Hypertrophic obesity

Front 44

A protein produced by fat cells under direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure; sometimes called the ob protein.

Back 44

Leptin

Front 45

The adverse effects of fat in nonadipose tissues.

Back 45

Lipotoxicity

Front 46

A drug used in the treatment of obesity that inhibits the absorption of fat in the GI tract, thus limiting kcaloric intake.

Back 46

Orlistat

Front 47

A neurotransmitter important in sleep regulation, appetite control, and sensory perception, among other roles.

Back 47

Serotonin

Serotonin is synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan with the help of vitamin B6.

Front 48

The point at which controls are set (for example, on a thermostat).

Back 48

Set point

The set-point theory that relates to body weight proposes that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls.

Front 49

A drug used in the treatment of obesity that slows the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain, thus suppressing appetite and creating a feeling of fullness.

Back 49

Sibutramine

Front 50

Achieving a weight loss of at least 10 percent of initial body weight and maintaining the loss for at least one year.

Back 50

Successful weight-loss maintenance

Front 51

Maintaining body weight in a healthy range by preventing gradual weight gain over time and losing weight if overweight.

Back 51

Weight management