Nutrition And Diet Therapy Ch. 8

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500 excess kcal per day

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to gain 1lb/wk of body fat

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500 kcal deficit per day

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to lose 1 lb/week body fat

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3500 kcal

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1 lb body fat

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Appetite

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The integrated response to the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food that initiates or delays eating

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Hunger

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The painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food seeking behavior

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Hypothalamus

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A brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite

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Satiation

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The feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating. Determines how much food is consumed during a meal.

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Satiety

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The feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal. Determines how much time passes between meals.

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Energy balance

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The energy consumed from foods and beverages compared with the energy expended through metabolic processes and physical activities

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Bomb calorimeter

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An instrument that measures the heat energy released when foods are burned, thus providing an estimate of the potential energy of foods.

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Physiological fuel value

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The number of kcalories that the body derives from a food, in contrast to the number of kcalories determined by a calorimetry

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Direct calorimetry

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Measures the amount of heat released to determine food energy values and expenditures

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Indirect calorimetry

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Measures the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide expelled to determine food energy values and expenditures

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Thermogenesis

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The generation of heat that can be measured to determine the amount of energy expended

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Neuropeptide y

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A chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite, diminishes energy expenditure, and increases fat storage

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Basal metabolism

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The energy needed to maintain life when the body is a complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest

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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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The rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12 hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting. It is usually expressed as kcalories per kilogram body weight per hour.

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Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

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A measure of energy use for a person at rest in a comfortable setting, but with less stringent criteria for recent food intake and physical activity. Slightly higher metabolic rate than other.

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those growing and in those with considerable lean body mass

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BMR is highest in these people

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Thermic effect of food TEF

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An estimation of the energy required to process food (digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store ingested nutrients)x also called specific dynamic effect SDE of food or the specific dynamic activity SDA of food.

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Diet induced thermogenesis DIT

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The sum of TEF and any increase in the metabolic rate due to overheating

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50-65%

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Energy expenditure due to basal metabolism

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30-50%

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Energy expenditure due to physical activities

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10%

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Energy expenditure due to thermic effect of food

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Body composition

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The proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight

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Fat in the body

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Provides energy, insulate against extreme temperatures, protects against physical shock, form cell membranes, makes compounds such as hormones, vitamin D and bile.

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Body mass index BMI

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A measure of a person's weight relative to height. Determined by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of the height in meters.

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Underweight

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Body weight lower than the weight range that is considered healthy. BMI less than 18.5

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Overweight

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Body weight greater than the weight range that is considered healthy. BMI 25 to 29.9.

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Obese

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Too much body fat with adverse health effects. BMI 30 or more.

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Body composition

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Not reflected by BMI like height and weight measures

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Visceral fat

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Fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs. Also called intra abdominal fat.

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Central obesity

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Excess fat around the trunk of the body. Also called abdominal fat or upper body fat.

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Subcutaneous fat

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That store directly under the skin

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Waist circumference

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An anthropometric measurement used to assess a person's abdominal fat

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Apple

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Name given by popular articles two bodies with upper body fat

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Pears

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Names given by popular articles for bodies with lower body fat

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Cardiovascular disease risk factors associated with obesity

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High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes

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Obesity

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Second only to tobacco in causing premature death

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Metabolic syndrome

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A cluster of at least three of the following risk factors: high blood pressure, high blood glucose, high blood triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high waist circumference

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Insulin resistance

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The condition in which a normal amount of insulin produces a sudden or malicious act in muscle, adipose, and liver cells, resulting in an elevated fasting glucose. A metabolic consequence of obesity that precedes type 2 diabetes

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Inflammation

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An immunological response to cellular injury characterized by an increase in white blood cells

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Eating disorders

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Disturbances in eating behavior the jeopardize a person's physical or psychological health

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Amenorrhea

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The absence of or cessation of menstruation.

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Anorexia nervosa

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An eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and a distortion in perception of body shape and weight.

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Binge eating disorder

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Eating disorder with criteria similar to those of bulimia nervosa, excluding purging or other compensatory behaviors

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Bulimia nervosa

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An eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge-eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise.

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Cathartic

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A strong laxative

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Emetic

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An agent that causes vomiting

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Disordered eating

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Eating behaviors that are neither normal nor healthy, Including restrained eating, fasting, binge eating, and purging.

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Female athlete triad

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And potentially fatal combination of three medical problems including disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis.

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Muscle dysmorphia

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A psychiatric disorder characterized by a preoccupation with building body mass

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Stress fractures

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Bone damage or breaks caused by stress on bone surfaces during exercise

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Unspecified eating disorders

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Eating disorders that do not meet the defined creteria for specific eating disorders.