Nutrition: Digestion

Front 1

Four types of muscles in the intestine are

Back 1

Longitudinal, circular, sphincter, mucosal

Front 2

An important role of mucus in the stomach is to

Back 2

Protect the stomach wall from digestion

Front 3

The hormone that increases the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is

Back 3

Gastrin

Front 4

Most digestion occurs in the

Back 4

Small intestine

Front 5

The inner surface of the small intestine has mucosal folds, villi and micro villi to..

Back 5

Increase surface area for absorption

Front 6

Sodium and other electrolytes are absorbed in the..

Back 6

Colon

Front 7

Most intestinal gas is produced by

Back 7

The action of intestinal bacteria on undigested carbohydrate

Front 8

The best way for most people to relieve constipation is..

Back 8

Eat more dietary fiber

Front 9

A hormone that increases blood glucose levels is

Back 9

Glucagen

Front 10

When the nitrogen portion is split off from an amino acid, the residue is

Back 10

A keto acid

Front 11

What is nutrition?

Back 11

It is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body's dietary needs

Front 12

What are the component parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

Back 12

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum

Front 13

What organs lie outside the g.i tract?

Back 13

Pancreas, gallbladder, liver

Front 14

What are the major functions of the G.I tract in digestion and absorption?

Back 14

1. Receives food

2. Releases nutrients from food

3. Delivers nutrients into the blood

4. Excretes non-digestible waste

Front 15

What sensory stimulation influences digestion?

Back 15

Sight, smell, proximity to food-bring about the secretion of digestive juices and muscle motility

Front 16

What is digestion?

Back 16

The first step in prepping food for use in the body

Front 17

What are the four types of chemical secretions that aid in digestion?

Back 17

Enzymes

Hydrochloric acid and buffer ions

Mucus

Water

Front 18

What are the muscle layers from the outside in?

Back 18

1. Serosa

2. Longitudinal muscle layers

3. Circular Muscle layers

4. Submucosa

5. Mucosa

Front 19

Which muscles help propel the food mass forward?

Back 19

Longitudinal

Front 20

Muscles that cause rhythmic sweeping waves and push the food forward (peristalsis)

Back 20

Circular contracture muscles

Front 21

Muscles that act as valves: pyloric, ileocecal, anal

Back 21

Sphincter muscles

Front 22

Muscles that cause local constrictive contractions to chop and mix a food mass

Back 22

Mucosal muscles

Front 23

An interrelated network of nerves within the G.I wall that extends from the esophagus to the anus

Back 23

Intramural nerve plexus

Front 24

What are the five sensations of taste?

Back 24

Salty

Sweet

Sour

Bitter

Unami

Front 25

What is dysgeusia?

Back 25

Distorted taste

Front 26

What is hypogeusia?

Back 26

Loss of taste

Front 27

What is the purpose of mastication?

Back 27

Enlarge the surface area of food for enzyme action, chewing is necessary to prepare fiber containing foods, fruits, vegetables and whole grains for digestion

Front 28

What are the three pairs of salivary glands called?

Back 28

1.Parotid

2.Submaxillary

3. Sublingual

Front 29

What are the three important functions of salivary secretions?

Back 29

Salivary analyse begins the breakdown of starch. Moisten the food particles to form a bolus. Lubricate and cleanse the teeth.

Front 30

What is xerostomia?

Back 30

Extreme dry mouth resulting in infections and ulcers of the mouth

Front 31

What are the three parts of the esophagus?

Back 31

1. Upper esophageal sphincter

2. Esophageal body

3. Lower Esophageal sphincter

Front 32

When the gasteoesophageal constricter muscle allows food back into the esophagus, what occurs?

Back 32

Gasteoesophageal reflux disease

Gerd

Heartburn

Front 33

What are the three motor functions of muscles in the stomach?

Back 33

1. Storage

2. Mixing

3. Controlled emptying

Front 34

What influences the rate of stomach emptying?

Back 34

The energy density, volume and composition of a meal

Front 35

What do the secretions produced in the stomach contain?

Back 35

Acid, mucus, enzymes

Front 36

Stimuli from the release of gastric secretions come from

Back 36

1. Nerve stimuli

2. Hormonal Stimuli

Front 37

What are the three layers of the small intestine?

Back 37

1. Thin layer of smooth muscle with fibers extending up into the villi

2. The circular Muscle layers

3. The longitudinal muscle lying next to the outer serosa

Front 38

Small intestine: wall stretch pressure from food or hormonal Stimuli produces muscle action of the following two types

Back 38

1. Propulsive movements

2.mixing movements

Front 39

What are the major roles of the small intestine?

Back 39

1. Secrete many enzymes each specific for one of the micronutrients

2. Act as a regulatory center that senses nutrient content, PH, and osmolarity of its contents

Front 40

Four types of digestive secretions complete the final stage of chemical breakdown

Back 40

1. Enzymes

2. Mucus

3. Hormones

4. Bile

Front 41

Small Intestine: Three types of convolution and projections great expand the area of the absorbing surface

Back 41

1. Mucosal folds

2. Villi

3. Microvilli

Front 42

What is passive diffusion and osmosis?

Back 42

When there is no opposing fluid pressure, molecules small enough to pass through the capillary membranes diffuse easily into the villi

Front 43

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 43

When the pressure gradient supports absorption, some molecules may be too large to pass easily through the membrane pores so they are carried by specific proteins across the membrane

Front 44

What is energy dependant active transport?

Back 44

Nutrients require a special membrane protein carrier coupled with the active transport of sodium

Front 45

Engulfing pinocytosis: Fats packaged in a bile complex ______ are carried into the intestinal wall, where they are processed into human lipid compounds and form a complex with protein as carrier ________.

Back 45

Micelle, lipoprotein

Front 46

What are chylomicrons?

Back 46

Chylomicrons are lipoproteins that flow into the lymph, empty into the cisterns chyli and enter the venous blood via the left subclavian vein

Front 47

What does the lipoprotein lipase do?

Back 47

Clears chylomicrons from the blood

Front 48

What is the color's main function?

Back 48

Water absorption

Front 49

Where are sodium and other electrolytes absorbed?

Back 49

The colon

Front 50

When gastric acid is lower than normal ____ is not easily released from its animal protein source and is lost in feces

Back 50

B12

Front 51

Colon bacteria synthesize...

Back 51

Vitamin K and Biotin

Front 52

What is dyspepsia?

Back 52

Gastric distress or indigestion involving nausea, pain, burning sensations or gas

Front 53

What causes lactose intolerance?

Back 53

A deficiency of the enzyme lactase

Front 54

Non digestible carbohydrates that serve as substrates to support the proliferation of health promoting bacteria

Back 54

Prebiotics

Front 55

What are positive effects of prebiotics?

Back 55

Support immune function

Increase mineral absorption

Promote normal laxation

Protection against colon cancer

Front 56

_______ are nutritional supplements made up of living microorganisms

Back 56

Probiotics

Front 57

What does the pancreas do?

Back 57

Produces insulin