Life Science Review Digestion & Nutrition

Front 1

What are the Layers of the digestive tract?

Back 1

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, & Serosa

Front 2

What is Mucosa made of?

Back 2

Tough abrasion resistant stratified epithelium

Front 3

What is submucosa made of?

Back 3

Connective tissue layer

Front 4

What is muscularis made of?

Back 4

Two layers of muscle

Front 5

What is serosa made of?

Back 5

Serous Membrane

Front 6

2 layers of Muscularis are called

Back 6

Circular muscle layer

Longitudinal muscle layer

Front 7

Function of mucosa

Back 7

Absorption & secretion

Front 8

Function of submucosa

Back 8

Supports the mucosa

Front 9

Function of Muscularis

Back 9

Producing motility (movement) of the GI tract during the digestive process

Front 10

Function of Serosa

Back 10

Coat of the digestive tube

Also called visceral peritoneum

Front 11

Mucosa is also called

Back 11

Mucus membrane

Front 12

What are the periodontal membranes?

Back 12

Fibrous Membrane around the root of a tooth.

Forming a junction with the jawbone

Front 13

What are the 3 salivary Glands?

Back 13

Parotids

Submandibulars

Sublinguals

Front 14

Parotid Saliva?

Back 14

Serous

Front 15

Submandibular saliva?

Back 15

Contain serous & mucous

Front 16

Sublingual saliva?

Back 16

Mucous

Front 17

Parotid Glands

Back 17

Thin watery free of mucous

Contain amylase

Largest Glands

Front 18

Sibmandibular Glands

Back 18

Mixture of both serous and mucous type saliva

Called mixed or compound salivary Glands

Size of a walnut

Front 19

Sublingual Glands

Back 19

Mucous type

Important function of lubricating food during mastication

Smallest

Front 20

4 types of teeth

Back 20

Inciser

Canines/cuspids

Premolars/bicuspids

Molars/tricuspids

Front 21

Full set of permanent Teeth

Back 21

32 Teeth

Age 17-24

Front 22

Baby teeth aka Deciduous

Back 22

Erupt between 6-30 months

20 teeth

Front 23

Teeth generally lost between ages

Back 23

6-13

Front 24

First permanent teeth (6 year) molars erupt

Back 24

Before all baby teeth are lost

Front 25

3 sections of the stomach

Back 25

Fundus

Body

Pyloris

Front 26

Where is the fundus located?

Back 26

Enlarged curving base to left of & above opening of the esophagus into stomach

Front 27

Where is the body (of stomach) located?

Back 27

Central

Front 28

Where is the pyloris located?

Back 28

Lower narrow apex section

Front 29

What is rugae?

Back 29

Wrinkles or folds

Front 30

What are maltase & sucrase?

Back 30

Intestinal juice enzymes

Front 31

Function of maltase

Back 31

Breaks down (maltase) sugar into simple sugars

Front 32

Function of sucrase

Back 32

“Catalyst”

Hydrolysis into fructose & glucose

Used by body as fuel

Front 33

Where is maltase located?

Back 33

Lining of small intestine

Front 34

Where is sucrase located?

Back 34

Brush border of small intestine

Front 35

Where does protein digestion occur?

Back 35

Starts in stomach

Front 36

What is pepsin?

Back 36

Digesting enzyme in the stomach

Front 37

How is pepsin created?

Back 37

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin when Parietal cells found within gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid

Front 38

Where does fat digestion occur?

Back 38

Small intestine

Front 39

What is peristalsis?

Back 39

Wavelike rhythmic contractions of the stomach & intestines

Move food along the digestive tract

Front 40

What is mechanical digestion?

Back 40

Physically breaks large chunks into smaller bits

Front 41

What is chemical digestion?

Back 41

Breaks Molecules apart

Front 42

What is the common bile duct?

Back 42

Small tubelike structure

Front 43

Where is the common bile duct?

Back 43

Where the hepatic duct & cystic duct meet

(Small intestine)

Front 44

Function of common bile duct?

Back 44

Carry bile from gallbladder to duodenum

Front 45

Common bile duct

Back 45

Drains bile

Located at the top of the gallbladder

Front 46

Hepatic duct

Back 46

Tube that carries bile out of liver

Located outside of liver

Front 47

What are the parts of the tooth?

Back 47

Crown

Neck

Root

Hint 47

3

Front 48

What are the parts of the Pharynx?

Back 48

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Front 49

What part of the pharynx is most involved in digestion?

Back 49

Oropharynx

Front 50

What are the 4 sphincters in the upper GI System?

Back 50

Upper esophageal

Lower esophageal

Pyloric

Ileosecal

Front 51

What is Cholecystokinin?

Back 51

Hormone secreted from the intestinal mucosa of the duodenum

Front 52

Function of cholecystokinin

Back 52

Stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder resulting in bile flowing into the duodenum

Front 53

3 types of foods needed for proper nutrition

Back 53

Carbs

Fat

Protein

Front 54

What is Assimilation?

Back 54

When food molecules enter the cell & undergo chemical changes

Front 55

What is digestion?

Back 55

Groups of processes that break complex nutrients into simpler ones

Facilitates absorption

Front 56

What is absorption?

Back 56

Movement of digested nutrients through GI mucosa & into internal environment

Front 57

What is nutrition?

Back 57

Food, Vitamins, & minerals that are ingested & assimilated into the body

Front 58

What is anabolism?

Back 58

Cells making complex molecules from simpler compounds

Front 59

What is catabolism?

Back 59

Breakdown of food compounds into simpler compounds

Front 60

What is metabolism?

Back 60

Complex process by which food is used by a living organism

Front 61

What are non-essential amino acids?

Back 61

Not necessary in human diet because body produces them

Front 62

What is the hepatic portal vein?

Back 62

Blood vessel that carried blood to liver

Front 63

Where is hepatic portal vein located?

Back 63

Liver

Front 64

Function of hepatic portal vein?

Back 64

Delivers blood directly from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver

Front 65

What is plasma protein?

Back 65

Several proteins normally found in plasma

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Albumin is largest

Front 66

How many ATP molecules can be made from a glucose molecule?

Back 66

36

Front 67

What is ATP?

Back 67

Compound that provides energy

Front 68

Normal blood sugar level range

Back 68

80-110

Front 69

Vitamin A

Back 69

Maintains epithelial tissue & produces visual pigments

Front 70

Vitamin B1

Back 70

Thiamine

Front 71

Vitamin B2

Back 71

Riboflavin

Front 72

Vitamin B3

Back 72

Niacin

Front 73

Vitamin B5

Back 73

Pantothenic Acid

Front 74

Vitamin B6

Back 74

Pyridoxine

Front 75

Vitamin B9

Back 75

Folic Acid

Front 76

Vitamin B12

Back 76

Cyancobalamin

Front 77

Function of vitamin b1, b2, & b3

Back 77

Helps enzymes in the citric acid cycle

Front 78

Function of vitamin B5

Back 78

Helps enzymes that connect to fat & carbohydrate metabolism

Front 79

Function of b6

Back 79

Helps enzymes that catabolize amino acids

Front 80

Function of vitamin b9

Back 80

Helps enzymes in amino acid catabolism & blood production

Front 81

Function of vitamin b12

Back 81

Involved in blood production & other processes

Front 82

Vitamin C

Back 82

Asorbic Acid

Front 83

Function of Vitamin C

Back 83

Helps in manufacture of collagen fibers

Front 84

Vitamin D

Back 84

Calciferol

Front 85

Function of Vitamin D

Back 85

Helps in calcium absorption

Front 86

What is thermoregulation?

Back 86

Ability of organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries

Front 87

Function of Thermoregulation

Back 87

Maintains homeostasis of body temperature

Front 88

What is Glycogen?

Back 88

Polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose

Front 89

Function of Glycogen

Back 89

Energy reserve made & stored primarily in cells of liver

Front 90

What is Glycolysis?

Back 90

First series of chemical reactions in glucose metabolism

Front 91

Function of Glycolysis

Back 91

Changes glucose to pyruvic acid in a series of anaerobic reactions

Front 92

What is Glycogenesis?

Back 92

Anaerobic process of joining glucose molecules together

Front 93

Function of Glycogenesis

Back 93

Store glucose for later use

Front 94

What are enzymes & their function?

Back 94

Specialized protein molecules that breakdown

Front 95

3 parts of small intestine in order

Back 95

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Front 96

What is the hepatic flexure?

Back 96

The bend between the ascending colon & transverse colon

Front 97

What is carbohydrate digestion?

Back 97

Breakdown of polysaccharides in carbs

Turns into chyme

Front 98

What is deglutition?

Back 98

Swallowing

Front 99

Pancreas digestion

Back 99

Exocrine Gland that lies behind stomach and converts food into fuel for the body’s cells

Drains into duodenum

Front 100

Macronutrients

Back 100

Carbs

Fats

Proteins

Front 101

Micronutrients

Back 101

Vitamins

Minerals

Front 102

3 chemical reactions in glucose metabolism

Back 102

Glycolysis

Citric Acid

Electron transfer system

Front 103

Lysis means

Back 103

Breakdown

Front 104

Regulation of food intake factors include

Back 104

Hormones / Habits

Neurotransmitters

Emotions / Food sensations

Environment cues

Front 105

Basal metabolic rate

Back 105

Rate of metabolism when body is resting but awake, not digesting food, and comfortably warm

Front 106

Total metabolic rate

Back 106

Total amount of energy used by body per day

Front 107

Hypothalamus

Back 107

Regulates body temperature through thermoregulation

Front 108

How does skin cook the body?

Back 108

Radiation

Conduction

Convection

Evaporation

Front 109

Radiation flo

Back 109

Flow of heat waves away from the body

Front 110

Conduction

Back 110

Transfer of heat energy to the skin & to external environment

Front 111

Convection

Back 111

Transfer of heat energy to cooler air that is continually flowing away from skin

Front 112

Evaporation

Back 112

Absorption of heat from blood & skin by water (sweat)