Life Science Review Chapter 8 Muscular System

Front 1

3 Types of Muscle

Back 1

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Front 2

Cardiac muscle

Back 2

Composes the bulk of the heart

Front 3

Skeletal Muscle

Back 3

Muscle masses that attach to bones & move them

Front 4

Smooth muscle

Back 4

Fibers are tapered at each end & have single nucleus

Front 5

Smooth muscle also called

Back 5

Nonstriated muscle

Involuntary

Visceral muscle

Front 6

Cardiac muscle has unique dark bands called

Back 6

Intercalated disks

Front 7

Tendons

Back 7

Anchor muscles firmly to bones

Made of sense fibrous Connective Tissue

Front 8

Bursae

Back 8

Small fluid filled sacs between tendons & bones beneath them

Front 9

Synovial fluid

Back 9

Line bursae

Front 10

Tendon Sheaths

Back 10

Facilitate movement

Enclose some tendons

Tube shaped also lined with synovial Membrane & moistened with synovial fluid

Front 11

Two types of threadlike microfilaments

Back 11

Thick myofilaments

Thin myofilaments

Front 12

Thick Myofilaments

Back 12

Formed from protein called Myosin

Front 13

Thin Myofilaments

Back 13

Composed mainly of protein called Actin

Front 14

Sacromere

Back 14

Basic functional or contractile unit of skeletal muscle

Front 15

Myoglobin

Back 15

Red oxygen storing pigment similar to hemoglobin

Found in muscle fibers

Front 16

Functions of the Muscular System

Back 16

Produce movement

Maintain body posture

Produce heat

Front 17

How does Muscle move bones?

Back 17

By pulling on them

Front 18

Eccentric Contraction

Back 18

Tension during muscle lengthening

Front 19

Prime mover

Back 19

The muscle that is mainly responsible for specific movement

Front 20

Synergistic Muscles

Back 20

Other muscles used to produce movement with prime mover

Front 21

Antagonist Muscles

Back 21

As prime movers and synergistic muscles at a joint contract antagonist muscles relax

Front 22

Muscle tone maintains _______

Back 22

Posture

Front 23

Tonic Contraction

Back 23

Also called muscle tone

We are able to maintain body posture due to continuous low strength muscle contraction called tonic contraction

Front 24

Oxygen debt

Back 24

Continued increased metabolism that must occur in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that accumulated during prolonged exercise

Front 25

The oxygen debt mechanism is a good example of

Back 25

Homeostasis at work

Front 26

In order to contract and pull a bone to move it skeletal muscle must

Back 26

First be stimulated by nerve impulses

Front 27

Muscle fibers are stimulated by a nerve fiber called a

Back 27

Motor neuron

Front 28

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

Back 28

The point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle fiber

Front 29

Signal chemicals called _______ are released by motor neuron in response to nervous impulse

Back 29

Neurotransmitters

Front 30

Motor Unit

Back 30

Single motor neuron with the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 31

Threshold Stimulus

Back 31

The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract

Front 32

“All or None”

Back 32

Threshold stimulus causes muscle to contract completely meaning they respond all or none

Front 33

Types of skeletal muscle contraction

Back 33

Twitch Contraction

Tetanic Contraction

Isotonic Contraction

Isometric Contraction

Front 34

Twitch

Back 34

Quick jerky response to stimulus

Front 35

Tetanic Contraction

Back 35

More sustained and steady response than a twitch

30 stimuli per second produce tetanic Contraction

Front 36

Tetanus

Back 36

Contraction

Front 37

Isotonic Contraction

Back 37

Muscle produces movement at a joint

Same tension changes length

Front 38

Isometric Contraction

Back 38

Muscle contracts NO movement results

Same length changing tension

Front 39

Two types of Isotonic Contraction

Back 39

Concentric

Eccentric

Front 40

Concentric Contraction

Back 40

Muscle shortens

Front 41

Eccentric Contraction

Back 41

Muscle lengthens but still provides work

Front 42

The word isometric comes from

Back 42

The Greek words meaning equal measure

In other words a muscles length during isometric Contraction is about equal

Front 43

Disuse Atrophy

Back 43

Skeletal muscles shrink in mass during prolonged inactivity

Front 44

Hypertrophy

Back 44

Increase in muscle size due to exercise

Front 45

Strength Training

Back 45

Involves contracting muscles against heavy resistance

Front 46

Endurance Training

Back 46

Often called aerobic training

Does not usually result in hypertrophy instead increases muscles ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period

Front 47

Angular Movements

Back 47

Flexion

Extension

Front 48

Flexion

Back 48

Bending

Front 49

Extension

Back 49

Opposite of flexion

Makes angle between joints larger

Front 50

Abduction

Back 50

Moving away from midline

Front 51

Adduction

Back 51

Moving towards midline

Front 52

Circular Movements

Back 52

Rotation

Circumduction

Front 53

Rotation

Back 53

Movement around longitudinal axis

Front 54

Circumduction

Back 54

Moves a part so distal end moves in a circle

Front 55

Hand positions due to rotation of forearm

Back 55

Supination

Pronation

Front 56

Ankle movements

Back 56

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Inversion

Eversion

Front 57

Deltoid Muscle

Back 57

Thick rounded prominence over the shoulder and arm

Front 58

Biceps Brachii

Back 58

Two headed muscle that serves as a primary flexor of the forearm

Front 59

Triceps Brachii

Back 59

On the posterior (back) of arm

3 heads of origin

Front 60

Pectoralis Major

Back 60

Upper extremity attached to thorax by fan shaped muscle called