Chapter 21 Biology Nutrition And Digestion

Front 1

3 Dietary Categories of Animals

Back 1

Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores

Front 2

Herbivores

Back 2

Cattle, Gorillas, sea urchins and snails mainly eat plants and algae.

Front 3

Carnivores

Back 3

Lions, owls, spiders, and whales-mainly eat other animals

Front 4

Omnivores

Back 4

Animals that mainly eat both plants and animals

Front 5

Omnivores include:

Back 5

humans and crows, cockroaches, and raccoons

Front 6

Many aquatic animals are _________ feeders

Back 6

filter

Front 7

Filter Feeders

Back 7

sift small organisms or food particles from water. For Example: A whale uses baleen, comb-like plates attached to the upper jaw to strain small invertebrates and fish from enormous amounts of water.

Front 8

Filter Feeding is a type of suspension feeding

Back 8

which also involves capturing food particles from the surrounding medium.

Front 9

Substrate Feeders

Back 9

live in or on their food source and eat their way through it. Example: leaf miner caterpillar, maggots

Front 10

Fluid Feeders

Back 10

suck nutrient-rich liquids from a living host. Example: Aphids tap into the sugary sap in plants. Blood thirsty mosquitos

Front 11

Female mosquitos such on blood while male mosquitos

Back 11

live on plant nectar

Front 12

Bulk Feeders

Back 12

Most animals including humans that ingest large pieces of food.

Front 13

4 Stages of Food Processing

Back 13

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination

Front 14

Ingestion

Back 14

The act of eating

Front 15

Digestion

Back 15

the breakdown of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb

Front 16

Absorption

Back 16

the cells lining the digestive tract absorb the products of digestion-small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars.

Front 17

Elimination

Back 17

undigested material passes out of the digestive tract.

Front 18

2 phases of digestion that takes place in my mouth

Back 18

Mechanical breakdown and chemical breakdown

Front 19

Chemical Digestion

Back 19

Protein-Amino Acids

Polysaccharide-Monosaccharides

Nucleic acid-Nucleotides

Fat-Glycerol Fatty Acids

Front 20

A food vacuole

Back 20

a Cellular organelle in which enzymes break down food. Sponges digest their food entirely in food vacuoles

Front 21

Gastrovascular cavity

Back 21

a compartment with a single opening that functions as both the entrance for food (mouth) and the exit for undigested waste(anus)

Front 22

Alimentary canal

Back 22

a digestive tube extending between two openings a mouth at one end and an anus at the other.*Food moves in one direction

Front 23

Food entering the mouth usually passes into the _____________.

Back 23

Pharynx

Front 24

The _________________may channel food to a crop, gizzard or stomach

Back 24

esophagus

Front 25

A pouch-like organ in which food is softened and stored

Back 25

crop

Front 26

Stomachs and gizzards

Back 26

also may store food temporarily, but they are more muscular and they church and grind the food.

Front 27

Where does Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur mainly in the

Back 27

intestine

Front 28

Undigested materials are expelled through the

Back 28

anus

Front 29

What is the advantage of an alimentary canal vs gastrovascular cavity

Back 29

Alimentary canal has specialized regions which can carry out digestion and absorption sequentially.

Front 30

Human Digestive System

Back 30

Chew Food in the oral cavity, use your tongue to push the food into your pharynx. After you swallow, muscles propel the food through your alimentary canal by Peristalsis, alternating waves of concentration and relaxation of the smooth muscles lining the canal.

Front 31

What enables you to process and digest food even while lying down

Back 31

peristalsis

Front 32

Sphincters

Back 32

muscular ring like valves regulate the passage of food into and out of the stomach; it works like a drawstring to close the stomach off, keeping food their between 2-6 hours; long enough for stomach acids and enzymes to begin digestion.

Front 33

Final steps of digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the

Back 33

small intestine over a period of 5-6 hours.

Front 34

Undigested material moves slowly through the

Back 34

large intestine taking 12-24 hours and feces are stored in the rectum and then expelled through the anus.

Front 35

A Grasshopper has a crop where food is stored

Back 35

true

Front 36

Oral cavity

Back 36

mouth

Front 37

peristalsis

Back 37

alternating waves of contraction of the smooth muscles lining the canal.

Front 38

Sphincters

Back 38

muscular ringlike valves regulate the passage of food into and out of the stomach

Front 39

If i swallow while upside down, what makes food get from my mouth to my stomach?

Back 39

Peristalsis

Front 40

3 pairs of__________ glands are stimulated to deliver saliva through ducts to the oral cavity.

Back 40

salivary

Front 41

The tongue manipulates food and helps shape it into a ball called a

Back 41

bolus

Front 42

The tongue pushes the bolus into the pharynx during the act of swallowing

Back 42

true

Front 43

Epiglottis

Back 43

the epiglottis directs the closing of the trachea, ensuring that the food will go down the esophagus.

Front 44

Another name for the larynx

Back 44

adams apple

Front 45

Breathing and swallowing are coordinated by

Back 45

the epiglottis

Front 46

After the initial voluntary act of swallowing, thenth involuntary contractions of smooth muscles in the rest of the esophagus takes over

Back 46

true

Front 47

Gastric juice

Back 47

a digestive fluid that the stomach secretes which is made up of a protein-digesting enzyme, mucus and strong acid.

Front 48

Ph of gastric juice is

Back 48

about 2 which is enough to break apart the cells in food and denature proteins.

Front 49

Gastric cells have 3 types of cells that secrete different components of gastric juice.

Back 49

Mucous cells (dark pink)-secrete mucus

Parietal cells (yellow)-secrete hydrogen & chloride ions

Chief cell (light pink) secrete pepsinogen, an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin

Front 50

The hormone________ circulates in the bloodstream returning to the stomach.

Back 50

Gastrin

Front 51

a nutrient-rich broth known as

Back 51

chyme

Front 52

GERD

Back 52

Gastreophageal reflux disease(acid reflux strong enough to hurt the lining of the esophagus

Front 53

Ulcers are caused by an acid tolerant bacerium called

Front 54

small intestine

Back 54

master organ for chemical digestion and for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream

Front 55

Duodenum

Back 55

where chyme squirted from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder and gland cells in the intestinal wall

Front 56

pancreas

Back 56

produces pancreatic juice, a mixture of digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution that neutralizes the acidity of chyme as it enters the small intestine.

Front 57

liver

Back 57

produces a chemical mixture called bile

Front 58

bile

Back 58

contains bile salts, which act as emulsifiers (detergents) that break up fats into small droplets making the fats more susceptible ot attack by digestive enzymes.

Front 59

gallbladder

Back 59

stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine

Front 60

4 types of large molecules in the small intestine

Back 60

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and fats

Front 61

enzymes ends in ase or ose

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ase-example maltase

Front 62

enzymatic digestion

Back 62

Carbohydrates-

polysaccharides-monosaccharides

Proteins

polypeptides-amino acids

Nucleic Acids-

DNA and RNA- Nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates

Fats-

Fat globules-fatty acids and glycerol

Front 63

What moves the mixture of chyme and digestive juices along the small intestine

Back 63

peristalsis

Front 64

villi(singular villus)

Back 64

large circular folds with numerous small finger like projections

Front 65

Microvilli

Back 65

many tiny projections

Front 66

Some nutrients are absorbed by simple diffusion, others are ...

Back 66

pumped against concentration gradients into the epithelial cells.

Front 67

Hepatic portal vein

Back 67

transports blood into the liver, giving the liver first access to nutrients absorbed in the intestines

Front 68

the liver removes excess ________from the blood and converts it to glycogen which is stored in liver cells.

Back 68

glucose

Front 69

Blood leaving the liver may have a very different makeup than the blood that entered is because

Back 69

The liver converts many of the nutrients it receives to new substances.

Front 70

Liver cells synthesize

Back 70

plasma (important in blood clotting)and lipo-proteins that transport fats and cholesterol to body cells

Front 71

Liver converts alcohols or other drugs to inactive products that are excreted through the

Back 71

urine

Front 72

Large intestine (2x as large as the small intestine)

Back 72

Processes whatever remains after the nutrients have been absorbed

Front 73

cecum

Back 73

pouch that receives undigested matter

Front 74

appendix

Back 74

a small finger like extension of the cecum contains a mass of white blood cells that make a minor contribution to immunity.

Front 75

appendicitis

Back 75

a bacterial infection of the appendix is very dangerous and even deadly.

Front 76

colon

Back 76

the main portion of the large intestine; 1 function is to complete the re-absorption of water that was begun in the small intestine.

Front 77

feces

Back 77

waste of the digestive system becomes more solid as water is re-absorbed and they move along the colon by peristalsis.

Front 78

Escherichia coli

Back 78

colon bacteria produces important vitamins including several b vitamins and vitamin k.

Front 79

rectum

Back 79

final portion of the colon which stores feces until they can be eliminated

Front 80

ruminants (cattle, sheep and deer)

Back 80

its stomach has 4 chambers containing symbiotic microbes; Example a cow regurgitates food form the 1st two chambers and 'chews its cud" exposing more plant fibers to its microbes for digestion.

Front 81

What are two advantages of a long alimentary canal in herbivores?

Back 81

It provides increased time for processing of difficult to digest plant material and increased surface area for absorption of nutrients.

Front 82

Kilocalories

(1 kcal=1000 calories)

Back 82

discussing human diet and activity

Front 83

metabolic rate

Back 83

the sum of all the energy used by biochemical reactions over a given time interval.

Front 84

basal metabolic rate

(BMR)

Back 84

the # of kilo-calories a resting animal requires to fuel these essential processes for a given time

Front 85

BMR for humans

Back 85

Males-1600-1800 kcal per day

females-1300-1500 kcal per day

Front 86

essential nutrients

Back 86

materials that must be obtained in preassembled form because the animals cells cannot make them from raw material.

Front 87

Examples of essential nutrients

Back 87

essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals.

Front 88

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for humans

Back 88

animals can make vitamin c as needed

Front 89

essential fatty acids

Back 89

must be obtained by our diet since our body cannot naturally produce it. Plant based foods (seeds, grains and vegetables) usually provide us with ample amounts of essential fatty acids.

Front 90

essential amino acids

Back 90

8 remaining amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body; meat or animal by products such as eggs, milk and cheese.

Front 91

Vegetarian

Back 91

eating a combination of beans and corn can provide the essential amino acids

(beans, peanuts or soybeans) & (wheat, corn or rice) often provides the right balance.

Front 92

vitamin

Back 92

an organic nutrient required in very small amounts in your diet.

Front 93

minerals

Back 93

simple inorganic nutrients also required in small amounts

Front 94

recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)

Back 94

minimum amounts of nutrients that are needed each day as determined by a national scientific panel.

Front 95

malnutrition

Back 95

health problems caused by an improper or insufficient diet

Front 96

Obesity

Back 96

too-high body mass index (BMI)

Front 97

Leptin levels

Back 97

cues the brain to suppress appetite, the loss of body fat decreases leptin levels , signaling the brain to increase appetite.

Front 98

low-density lipoproteins (LDL's)

Bad Cholesterol

Back 98

correlate with a tendency to develop blocked blood vessels, high blood pressure and heart attacks.

Front 99

high-density lipoproteins (HDL's)

Good cholesterol

Back 99

may decrease the risk of vessel blockage

Front 100

Transfats

Back 100

increases LDL and lowers HDLs

Front 101

Breast cancer is linked to

Back 101

diets high in fats or carbohydrates

Front 102

Colon Cancer is linked to

Back 102

diets rich in saturated fats or red meat

Front 103

Antioxidants

Back 103

chemicals that help protect cells from damaging molecules known as free radicals

Front 104

Foods high in antioxidants

Back 104

berries, beans, nuts, dried fruit, green and black tea, red wine and dark chocolate

Front 105

American Cancer Society (ACS)

Back 105

eat a variety of healthful foods with an emphasis on plant sources