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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the leading causes of deaths in the us associated with nutrition?
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-heart disease
-cancer -stroke -diabetes -Alzheimer's disease -kidney disease |
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what is malnutrition?
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-when the nutritional status is out of balance
-individual is either getting too much or not enough of calories or a nutrient |
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which diseases are the least related to nutrition?
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-down-syndrome
-hemophilia -sickle-cell anemia (genetic) |
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which diseases are the most related to nutrition?
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-anemia
-vitamin and mineral deficiencies -vitamin and mineral toxicities |
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what is a gene?
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-the basic unit of heredity
-directs growth and development of body |
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what is a risk factor?
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-something that may increase the chance of developing a disease
-for example: genetic, lifestyle, environment |
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define nutrition
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the science of how human obtain and use foods, includes:
-the relationships to health and disease -processes within the body -social, economical, cultural, and psychological implications of eating |
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what is hunger?
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the physical need for food
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what is appetite?
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the desire to eat/reject food (psychological and cultural)
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what are the six groups of nutrients?
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-carbohydrates
-proteins -lipids -water -minerals -vitamins |
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which nutrients are macro-nutrients?
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-carbohydrates
-proteins -lipids -water |
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which nutrients are micro-nutrients?
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-minerals
-vitamins |
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what is a nutrient?
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chemical used in the body used for one or more purposes
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what are carbohydrates?
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the primary source of energy for the body
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what are proteins?
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they support tissue growth, repair, and maintenancee
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what are lipids?
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major form of stored energy
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what are vitamins?
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-regulates physiological processes
-fat and water soluble |
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what are minerals?
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-regulates physiological processes
-major and trace |
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what is water?
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need in larger quantities than any other nutrient
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which nutrients supply energy?
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-carbohydrates
-lipids -proteins |
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which nutrients contribute to cell and body structure?
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-lipids
-proteins -minerals -water |
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what is the simple definition of organic?
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compound that contains carbon
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which nutrients are organic?
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-carbohydrates
-proteins -lipids -vitamins |
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what is an essential nutrient?
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nutrient that must be obtained via diet
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what is a non-essential nutrient?
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nutrient that they body can produce
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what is a bomb calorimeter?
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device used to detect energy potential in food
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what is the leading cause of death in USA women?
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heart disease
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describe observations
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-identify a problem to be solved
-ask a specific question |
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what is a hypothesis?
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prediction about the relationship between variables
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what is a cause-and-effect hypothesis?
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if ______, then _______.
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what is a correlation hypothesis?
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when two variables are related
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what is an epidemiological study?
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large scale investigation that looks at disease-and-environmental relationships
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what is an animal study?
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-when experiment would not be easy/ethical to do
-cheaper -rodents used |
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what is a migrant human study?
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following populations that have moved from native country to another, looks at how health habit changes
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what is a cohort study?
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study of a group of people over a long period of time with common characteristics
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what is a case-control study?
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good for investigating (cause of) disease
-utilize people who already have disease -case vs. control |
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what is a clinical-trial study?
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asking people to change diet to see how it affects them/what it does to them, cause-and-effect
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what is prospective?
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collecting data presently and in the future
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what is retrospective?
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collecting data that has already happened
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what is replication?
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to repeat an experiment because you can't base facts after one experiment
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what is the placebo-effect?
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when behavior changes because people think it will change behavior
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what is the hawthorne effect?
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when people behave differently because they are being studied
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what is research bias?
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experimenter may interpret data differently because they want specific results, affecting studies
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what is a primary report?
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first report written by researcher himself, gets sent to peers
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what is a peer-reviewed report?
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analyzes and picks apart report and decides if it's worth publishing
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what is the framingham heart study?
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follows how diet and health affect heart
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what is the 7 countries study?
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studies death and fat-intake in seven countries
more fat -> higher heart problems -> more death |
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what is the national health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes)?
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travel US and do surveys, blood-pressure, etc.
represents disease-rate in US |
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what is the behavioral risk factor factor surveillance system?
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phone call survey for whole nation, studies behavior (doctors visits, etc)
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what are the key elements to a healthy diet?
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-variety
-proportionality -moderation -personalization -activity -gradual improvement |
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what is variety?
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foods from all food groups are needed
choose different types of food within each food group |
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what is proportionality?
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certain food groups should be consumed in greater amounts
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what is moderation?
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nutrient-dense foods
portion control |
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what is personalization?
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www.mypyramid.gov
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what is adequacy?
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providing enough energy, nutrients, and fiber to maintain one's health
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what is energy density?
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food's calories content per gram of weight
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what is nutrient density?
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ratio of nutrients provided in relation to the calories
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what are the nutritional assessments?
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anthropometric
biochemical clinical dietary environment |
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what is an anthropometric assessment?
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measurement of height, weight, etc
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what is a biochemical assessment?
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measuring blood, urine, etc
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what is a clinical assessment?
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detecting signs (see) and symptoms (what patient feels)
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what is a dietary assessment?
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evaluation of food intake
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what is an environment assessment?
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economic/social status
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what does DRI stand for?
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dietary reference intake
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what are DRI's?
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set of nutrient standards
useful to assess and plan diets for healthy people |
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what does EAR stand for?
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estimated average requirement
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what does RDA stand for?
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recommended dietary allowance
(maximum) |
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what does AI stand for?
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adequate intake
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what are AI's?
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a "provisional" RDA
best guess for nutrient not enough information or research to qualify as an RDA |
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what does UL stand for?
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upper (intake) level
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what are UL's?
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value for certain nutrient that may cause toxicity
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what are daily values?
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generic nutrient standard used on labels
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what must all food products have on their label?
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-statement of identity
-net contents -info about manufacturer, packer, distributer -ingredients -nutritional information |
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how many health claims are there?
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sixteen
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why has food supply changed dramatically over the last century?
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agriculture productivity
international trade use of preservative and processing methods |
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what is the key goal of food preservation?
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to slow food spoilage down by decreasing microorganismal growth
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what are the traditional methods of food preservation?
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drying, salting, sugaring, smoking
fermentation and pickling freezing canning, pasteurization, intense heating, sterilization |
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what is irradiation?
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exposing products to gamma and x-rays to preserve food
a.k.a. cold pasteurization |
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what is significant about food additives?
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increase freshness and safety
enhance nutrition color and flavor enhance functional characteristics |
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what are the pros of GM foods?
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increase food production
increase nutrition increase shelf-life decrease synthetic pesticides |
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what are the cons of GM foods?
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allergens
resistance loss of genetic diversity |
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what is prohibited when trying to produce organic foods?
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synthetic pesticides, fertilizers
hormones, antibodies irradiation |
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how organic must a food product be in order to say it is organic?
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70% or 95% idkkkk
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what are the pros to organic foods?
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reduce pesticide intake
protect environment improve nutrition |
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what does NOEL stand for?
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no observable effect level
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what is NOEL?
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how much additive can be used in a product before the consumer can get sick
NOEL / 100 |
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what does GRAS stand for?
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generally recognized as safe
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what is GRAS?
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list of food additives that don't have to go through NOEL (example sugar)
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what is the delaney clause?
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no additive can be added if it has been associated with cancer
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how many deaths are causes by food-borne illness each year in the us?
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5,000 deaths
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what are the majority of food-poisonings from?
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results from handling errors AFTER purchase
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what causes food-borne illness?
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bacteria
viruses parasites prions toxins |
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what is campylobacter?
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bacteria found in undercooked meat and bad milk that can cause FBI
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what is salmonella?
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bacteria found in undercooked poultry, egg, and produce that may cause FBI
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what is e. colli?
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bacteria found in undercooked meat that may cause FBI
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what do viruses do?
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invades host cell and reproduces, may cause FBI
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what is hepatitis a?
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virus that can cause FBI or liver disease, wash hands frequently
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what is protozoa?
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single-cell parasite that may cause FBI
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what is a helminth?
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parasite that may cause FBI
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what are prions?
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found in cattle tissue and cause mad-cow-disease, causes FBI
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how do you prevent FBI?
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wash hands, kitchen utensils, and surfaces
isolate raw food cook foods well refrigerate promptly be a smart shopper |
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what is the 2+2=4 rule?
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new food should be in fridge by TWO hours, must be TWO inches of depth, lasts FOUR days
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what is the 'danger zone' of bacteria?
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40*F - 140*F
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what is bioaccumulation?
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there is a greater burden being on top of food chain, eat leaner foods, eat more organic foods
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where are food insecurity and hunger highest in the us?
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inner cities
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how many people are affected by food insecurity?
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1 out of 8 globally
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what is the leading cause of food insecurity?
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poverty (poor people may eat and absorb too little nutritious food, making them more disease-prone)
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what is food insecurity?
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inadequate amounts of protein, iron, vitamin a, and iodine
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who are at greatest risk of food insecurity?
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women and children
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what environmental factors may cause food insecurity?
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poor farming conditions
war natural disasters political unrest |
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what are ions?
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atoms that has lost or gained an electron
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what is a cation?
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an ion with a net positive charge
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what is an anion?
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an ion with a net negative charge
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what is the octet rule?
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most atoms prefer eight electrons in valence shell
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what is the atom's purpose of losing and gaining electrons?
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to stabilize the outer shell
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what is an ionic bond?
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cations and anions attract each other by donating and accepting electrons
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what is a covalent bond?
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sharing of electrons
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what is a polar covalent bond?
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unequal sharing of electrons
imbalance one atoms is more charged |
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what is a non-polar covalent bond?
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equal sharing of electrons
no charge balanced |
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what is ionization?
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when water dissociates
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what is significant about water's polarity?
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because it is polar, it weakens other bonds by breaking itself and attracting other atoms
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what is a buffer?
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resists changes in pH
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where are buffers found in the body?
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blood
kidneys lungs |
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what is acidosis?
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an increase of acid in body
headache, loss of appetite starvation diabetes |
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what is alkalosis?
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an increase of base in body
excessive vomiting overuse of diuretics/laxatives hyperventilating |
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what is homeostasis?
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state of balance or equilibrium
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what controls homeostasis in the body?
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nervous and endocrine systems
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what is a molecule?
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two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds
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what is a macromolecule?
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large molecules made up of subunits
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what is a ribosome?
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site of protein synthesis in cell
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what is a nucleus?
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has dna and genes
control center of cell |
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what is cytoplasm?
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gel-like matrix that supports cell structure
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what is a lysosome?
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the waste-disposal system of the cell
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what is a mitochondria?
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the power house of the cell that makes energy
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list the passive transport mechanisms
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simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion osmosis |
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list the active transport mechanisms
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carrier-mediated active transport
exocytosis and endocytosis |
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what is simple diffusion?
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stuff in high concentration go to low concentration
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what is facilitated diffusion?
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stuff in high concentration go to low concentration (simple diffusion) but must have transport membrane
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what is osmosis?
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movement of water across membrane and will equalize concentration
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what does active transport require?
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energy
and uses transport protein and doesn't follow concentration gradient |
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what is exocytosis?
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cell engulfs waste from intracellular stuff to membrane and expelled out
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what is endocytosis?
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cell membrane engulfs and pulls extracellular substances into cell
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list the tissues in the body
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epithelial
connective neural muscle |
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what are epithelial tissues?
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covers and lines body surfaces, skins, cavities, and outside of organs
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what are connective tissue?
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supportive tissue
provides structure to body |
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what are neural tissue?
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the communication tissue
responds to stimuli |
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what are muscle tissue?
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specializes in movement
contracts and relaxes to facilitate movement |
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what are the three important functions of the GI tract?
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digestion
absorption elimination |
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what are the major organs of the GI tract?
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mouth
esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine |
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what are the accessory organs of the GI tract?
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salivary glands
liver gallbladder pancreas kidneys |
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what are the three phases of digestion?
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cephalic
gastric intestinal |
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what controls neural and hormonal signals?
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hypothalamus
GI tract hormones |
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what are examples of mechanical digestion?
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peristalsis
segmentation |
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what is peristalsis?
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a type of mechanical digestion that moves in wave-like motion and circular muscles contract
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what is segmentation?
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a type of mechanical digestion in which circular muscles squeeze food and breaks down to smaller pieces
back-and-forth motion |
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what are the two 'products' or sucrose?
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glucose and frucose
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what happens during the cephalic phase of digestion?
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digestive enzymes and gastrin (hormone that tells stomach to prepare) are released
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what is a bolus?
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swallowed food
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what is les sphincter?
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separates esophagus and stomach
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what happens during the gastric phase of digestion?
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arrival of food in the stomach
folds allow stomach to expand |
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what gastric juices are released in the gastric pits during digestion?
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gastrin
mucus pepsinogen lipase intrinsic factor hydrochloric acid |
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what is pepsinogen?
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inactive enzyme that digests protein
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what is lipase?
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enzyme that digests lipids
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what is intrinsic factor?
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absorbs vitamin b12
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what is hydrochloric acid?
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creates acidic environment for digestion
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what is helicobacter pylori?
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causes ulcers by hurting stomach lining
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what is pyloric sphincter?
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separates stomach from the small intestine
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what is chyme?
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semi-liquid mass of partially digested food expelled by stomach into duodenum
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what are the three segments of the small intestine?
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duodenum
jejunum ileum |
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what is villus?
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finger-like projections within folds of the small intestine
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what is celiac disease?
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an autoimmune disease where villi is damaged and absorption is poor due to inflammatory response to gluten
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what hormones control the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes?
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cck and secretin
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