Neuroscience Ch. 1

Front 1

Broca proposed that we speak with the __ hemisphere of the brain.

Back 1

left

Front 2

Wernicke described a type of aphasia (language disorder) caused by impaired __.

Back 2

auditory comprehension

Front 3

Phylogenetically, the evolution o the brain is progressively __, reaching its highest level in humans.

Back 3

linear

Front 4

The neocortex (six-layered cellular organization) occupies a large percentage of the __, which has a great architectural (cellular aggregates) complexity found only in the human brain.

Back 4

cerebral cortex

Front 5

Most important branches of neuroscience (7)

Back 5

1) Neurology
2) Neurosurgery
3) Neuroanatomy
4) Neuroradiology
5) Neuroembryology
6) Neurophysiology
7) Neuropathology

Front 6

(8) common regulating principles of the human brain

Back 6

1) Interconnectivity in the brain
2) Centrality of the Central Nervous System
3) Hierarchy of neuraxial organization
4) Laterality of brain organization
5) Structural and functional specialization
6) Topographical organization in cortical pathways
7) Plasticity in brain
8) Culturally neutral brain

Front 7

All functionally specific primary sensory and motor regions in the __ are connected through association and commissural fivers.

Back 7

cerebrum

Front 8

The homologous areas of the two hemispheres are connected through the __. This integrated network allows constant interaction within each hemisphere and between the two hemispheres of the brain and explains how messages from multiple sources are rapidly integrated for an appropriate response to given stimuli.

Back 8

interhemispheric commissural fibers

Front 9

__ is responsible for integrating all incoming and outgoing information and for generating appropriate responses to the info received.

Back 9

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 10

(3) most important aspects of brain organization

Back 10

1) Bilateral anatomic symmetry
2) Unilateral functional differences
3) Contralateral sensorimotor control of the nervous system

Front 11

Both hemispheres are connected through the __, the largest of the commissural fibers.

Back 11

corpus collosum

Front 12

Most people's __ hemisphere becomes dominant for language, speech, and analytic processing irrespective of handedness; the __ hemisphere dominates emotions, musical skills, metaphors, and humor.

Back 12

left; right

Front 13

All sensory and motor fibers in the nervous system __ (cross) the body's midline.

Back 13

decussate

Front 14

The __ motor cortex controls movements in the right half of the body; the sensory information from the left half of the body projects to the __ sensory cortex.

Back 14

left; right

Front 15

The cerebral cortex is organized with a __.

Back 15

somatosensory homunculus

Front 16

__ refers to the brain's ability to reorganize and modify tissue functions and adapt to internal and external changes.

Back 16

Plasticity

Front 17

Functional plasticity and adaptability are greatest __(when) and gradually diminish __(when).

Back 17

in the early years; diminish with age

Front 18

The period when an experience is most effective in influencing the brain's potential

Back 18

Critical period

Front 19

Locations toward the nose

Back 19

rostral

Front 20

Refers to locations toward the tail

Back 20

caudal

Front 21

Refers to locations toward the back

Back 21

dorsal

Front 22

Refers to locations toward the abdomen

Back 22

ventral

Front 23

For the forebrain above the cephalic flexure (bend), __ refers to locations toward the nose and __ refers to locations toward the back of the brain, whereas __ refers to the top of the brain and __ refers to the lower brain toward the jaw.

Back 23

rostral; caudal; dorsal; ventral

Front 24

For the spinal cord and brainstem, __ refers to locations toward the brain, __ refers to the coccygeal end of the spinal cord, __ refers to locations toward the back of the body, and __ refers to locations toward the abdomen.

Back 24

rostral; caudal; dorsal; ventral

Front 25

The PNS has two types of information-carrying fibers: __ and __.

Back 25

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

Front 26

__ fibers carry sensory information from the body to the CNS.

Back 26

Afferent

Front 27

__ fibers carry motor impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery of the body to contract muscles and activate gland secretion.

Back 27

Efferent

Front 28

__ refers to the crossing of incoming or outgoing fibers at the midline.

Back 28

Decussation

Front 29

__ refers to structures relatively close to a specific anatomic site of reference.

Back 29

Proximal

Front 30

__ identifies the position of structures farther from the same anatomic site of reference.

Back 30

Distal

Front 31

__ is a vertical cut that passes longitudinally and divides the brain into left and right portions.

Back 31

Sagittal plane

Front 32

A sagittal section at the center separates the brain into two equal halves and is called the __ cut.

Back 32

midsagittal

Front 33

A __, a vertical section made perpendicular to the sagittal section, divides the brain into front and back parts.

Back 33

coronal plane

Front 34

A __, a cut perpendicular to both coronal and sagittal planes, divides the brain into upper and lower parts.

Back 34

horizontal plane

Front 35

A __ is a crosscut at a right angle to the longitudinal axis on a bend. Because of the curvature of the brainstem, this plane is diagonal to the horizontal (cross) plane.

Back 35

traverse plane

Front 36

__ refers to structures away from the midsagittal plane.

Back 36

Lateral

Front 37

__ refers to a plane approaching the midsagittal plane.

Back 37

Medial

Front 38

__ refers to the bending movement of a limb.

Back 38

Flexion

Front 39

__ refers to the straightening movement of a limb.

Back 39

Extension

Front 40

__ denotes a movement in which a limb is moved away from the central axis of the body.

Back 40

Abduction

Front 41

__ denotes a movement that brings a limb toward the central axis of the body.

Back 41

Adduction

Front 42

__ is the movement that turns the palm downward (or sleeping on the belly).

Back 42

Pronation

Front 43

__ is the action that turns the palm upward (lying on the back).

Back 43

Supination

Front 44

__ muscles consist of striated fibers and are under volitional control.

Back 44

Skeletal

Front 45

__ muscles, although containing striated fibers, are not under voluntary control. They are controlled by the cardiovascular reflexes of the __.

Back 45

Cardiac; autonomic nervous system

Front 46

__ muscles consist of nonstriated fibers and are considered involuntary. They are found in the internal organs of the digestive system, respiratory passages, urinary and genital tracts, urinary bladder, and walls of blood vessels.

Back 46

Smooth

Front 47

__ refers to the paralysis of either an upper or a lower limb.

Back 47

Monoplegia

Front 48

__ refers to the paralysis of both the upper and the lower limbs on one side.

Back 48

Hemiplegia

Front 49

__ refers to the paralysis of three limbs (both extremities on one side and one on the other side).

Back 49

Triplegia

Front 50

__ refers to a paralysis pattern involving all four limbs.

Back 50

Quadriplegia

Front 51

__ refers to the paralysis of both lower limbs.

Back 51

Paraplegia

Front 52

The crest of every fold in the brain is called a __.

Back 52

gyrus (pl. gyri) or convolution

Front 53

The groove or valley separating adjacent gyri is called the __.

Back 53

sulcus (pl. sulci) or fissure (in case of greater depth)

Front 54

__ refers to the margins of the cerebral convolutions serving as a cover. For example, the margins of the __ of three lobes cover the insular cortex.

Back 54

Opercular; operculum

Front 55

A __ is a band of fibers connecting part of the brain or spinal cord on one side with the same structures on the opposite side of the midline.

Back 55

commissure

Front 56

__ are a series of mesodermal tissue blocks found on each side of the neural tube during the embryonic period.

Back 56

Somites

Front 57

__ include most axial skeletal and associated muscles that are derived from the somite.

Back 57

Somatic structures

Front 58

__ refers to the internal organs containing nonstriated muscles, such as the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital organs; smooth glands; spleen; heart; and great vessels.

Back 58

Viscera

Front 59

The prefix __ denotes "between" and describes a structure common to both hemispheres.

Back 59

inter-

Front 60

A fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres is called an __.

Back 60

interhemispheric pathway

Front 61

The prefix __ denotes "within."

Back 61

intra-

Front 62

An __ is one that is located within the substance of that hemisphere.

Back 62

intrahemispheric structure

Front 63

Fibers connecting two areas within the same hemisphere make up an __.

Back 63

intrahemispheric pathway

Front 64

The prefix __ denotes "same"

Back 64

ipsi-

Front 65

__ is used to describe lesions on one side of the brain that affects the same side of the body.

Back 65

Ipsilateral

Front 66

__ denotes "opposite"

Back 66

contra-

Front 67

__ is used to describe involvement of the body on the side opposite a brain lesion.

Back 67

contralateral

Front 68

The prefix __ indicates "before"

Back 68

pre-

Front 69

__ is used to discuss the area on the proximal side of a synaptic cleft, the contact point between two cells.

Back 69

presynaptic

Front 70

__ denotes the area distal to a synaptic cleft involving the second neuron.

Back 70

postsynaptic

Front 71

__ symptoms resolve completely.

Back 71

Transient

Front 72

__ symptoms do not resolve completely.

Back 72

Persistent

Front 73

Persistent symptoms that reach a maximum level of severity and do not change are called __.

Back 73

static or stationary

Front 74

Persistent symptoms that reach a maximum severity and then begin to resolve are called __.

Back 74

improving

Front 75

Persistent symptoms that continue to worsen are called __.

Back 75

progressive

Front 76

__ symptoms evolve over minutes to hours.

Back 76

acute

Front 77

__ symptoms develop over days to weeks and fall between the acute and the chronic classifications.

Back 77

subacute

Front 78

__ symptoms generally indicate the course of a disease of moderate severity. They develop over months to years.

Back 78

chronic

Front 79

The brain consists of 10-15 billion nerve cells (__, grossly identified as __) and their processes (axons, grossly identified as __ and __)

Back 79

neurons; gray matter; white matter; dendrites

Front 80

__ refers to the gross appearance of the brain, which consists of nerve cells, supporting glia cells, and many unmyelinated fibers.

Back 80

gray matter

Front 81

In gray matter, cells appear gray in the absence of __.

Back 81

myelin

Front 82

__ is made of nerve fivers that form tracts and carry information from one brain side to another.

Back 82

white matter

Front 83

White matter is white because of the __ substance surrounding many of the axons.

Back 83

myelin lipid (fatlike)

Front 84

The __ is the basic building block in the brain, and it is responsible for generating, receiving, transmitting, and synthesizing electrical impulses as well as influencing other neurons or effector tissue.

Back 84

neuron

Front 85

__ protect and support the nerve cells.

Back 85

Glial cells

Front 86

A typical neuron is bounded by a continuous plasma membrane and consists of (3)

Back 86

cell body, dendrites, axon

Front 87

The __, also called soma (pl. somata) or perikaryon (pl. perikarya), contains the cytoplasm with important organelles, such as the mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex, needed for cellular metabolism.

Back 87

cell body

Front 88

Contained in the cytoplasm is a __, which contains ladder-like micromolecules of __ with the genetic blueprint and is responsible for vital cellular activities.

Back 88

nucleus; DNA

Front 89

__, highly specialized processes that look like trees, receive neural signals from other neurons through contacts (synapses).

Back 89

Dendrites

Front 90

The __, arising from the cell body at an elevation called an __, transmits neural messages to other neurons through its synapses (contacts).

Back 90

axon; axon hillock

Front 91

__ are the end portions of the axon and contain many vesicles that release neurotransmitters between the end of the axon and the surface of the next nerve cell. This narrow space is called the __.

Back 91

synaptic terminals (terminal boutons, knobs, or buttons); synaptic cleft

Front 92

Once a __ is adequately stimulated, a neural impulse travels along the __ and the __ release the neurotransmitters in the __ to activate the receptor site of the next nerve cell.

Back 92

neuron; axon; terminal boutons (knobs); synaptic cleft

Front 93

The __ includes the boutons, synaptic cleft, and receptor site of the next nerve cell.

Back 93

synapse

Front 94

A neuron that ends at the synapse is a __.

Back 94

presynaptic nerve cell

Front 95

A neuron that receives an impulse from a presynaptic neuron is a __.

Back 95

postsynaptic neuron

Front 96

Impulse movement in the axon can be __, by which an impulse travels from the cell body to the axonal terminal.

Back 96

anterograde

Front 97

Impulse movement in the axon can be __, by which the flow is from the axonal terminals to the cell body.

Back 97

retrograde

Front 98

__ ce;s are responsible for generating the nerve impulses that underlie all sensorimotor and higher mental functions. Serving as supporting structures, __ cells ensure the survival of the primary cells by providing structural and metabolic support.

Back 98

primary; glia

Front 99

The nerve impulses trigger secretion of __, which are synthesized either in the cell bodies or in the synaptic terminals.

Back 99

neurotransmitters

Front 100

A well-defined collection of nerve cells in the CNS is called a __ or cell column; a similar collection of nerve cells in the PNS is called a __.

Back 100

nucleus; ganglion

Front 101

A motor ganglion of the __ contains cell bodies of fibers that supply the smooth muscles and glands.

Back 101

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Front 102

Nerve fibers transmit __.

Back 102

information

Front 103

A collection of nerve fibers that share a common origin is called a __ in the CNS.

Back 103

tract or fasciculus

Front 104

Another name for a bundle of connecting pathways is __, which is specifically used for the pathway connecting the cerebellum to the brainstem.

Back 104

brachium

Front 105

__ is used to denote a band of fibers that may differ in color and/or texture.

Back 105

Stria

Front 106

__ refers to a small prominence of nervous system tissue.

Back 106

Colliculus

Front 107

A bundle of fibers in the PNS is called a __.

Back 107

nerve or nerve trunk

Front 108

__ refers to the central part of the body and is made up of the head and trunk.

Back 108

Axial

Front 109

__ relates to the limbs, which are attached to the axial structures.

Back 109

Appendicular

Front 110

The human nervous system is divided into (2).

Back 110

CNS and PNS

Front 111

The CNS consists of (2)

Back 111

the brain and the spinal cord

Front 112

The brain consists of (3) major structures:

Back 112

cerebrum; branstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla); and cerebellum

Front 113

The cerebrum consists of two hemispheres separated by the interhemispheric fissure; each hemisphere contains __

Back 113

the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

Front 114

The basic three-layered pattern of the cerebrum is called the __ (hippocampus, amygdala, and septum). The more complex three- to six-layered pattern is found in the highly evolved __ (parahippocampal cortex and olfactory bulb), and the highly evolved six-layered cortex is found in the __ (most of the dorsal and lateral cerebral cortex).

Back 114

archicortex; mesocortex; neocortex

Front 115

The __ are the masses of gray matter in the depth of each cerebral hemisphere. It serves as an auxiliary motor system and plays an important role in the regulation of motor activities by modifying the information received from the motor cortex and returning it to the motor cortex. They are also known to regulate symbolic functions.

Back 115

basal ganglia

Front 116

The __ is a collection of subcortical nuclei; which are an essential part of the thalamus-cerebral cortex-thalamic circuit, the basic functional circuitry of the forebrain.

Back 116

thalamus

Front 117

The __ is the central site of the neuroendocrine production and the central structure for the control of various metabolic activities, such as water balance, sugar and fat metabolism, and body temperature.

Back 117

hypothalamus

Front 118

The __ is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

Back 118

brainstem

Front 119

Besides linking the brainstem with the brain, the __ controls eye movements, pupil size, and auditory reflexes.

Back 119

midbrain

Front 120

The __ contains a center responsible for controlling the rhythm of respiration and also regulates facial movements and sensation.

Back 120

pons

Front 121

The __ controls respiratory activity, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Back 121

medulla

Front 122

In addition to serving specialized functions and controlling cranial nerves, the midbrain, pons, and medulla contain common sensorimotor fibers and the __, which regulates cortical arousal and attention.

Back 122

reticular formation

Front 123

The __ is dorsal to the brainstem and is attached to it but is not part of it. It is important in the regulation of skilled movements.

Back 123

cerebellum

Front 124

The __ serves as the reflex-controlling center and contains fibers that run to and from the brain, connecting the brain with peripheral structures.

Back 124

spinal cord

Front 125

The PNS is formed by nerves that connect the __ and __ with the peripheral structures. These include both sensory and motor nerves.

Back 125

brain and spinal cord

Front 126

The human nervous system processes information using (2) types of cells

Back 126

general and special

Front 127

__ information originates from the surface of the body and is processed by general receptors. __ information is mediated by the receptors to specialized cells in the nervous system.

Back 127

general; special

Front 128

Pain and temperature are examples of __.

Back 128

general information

Front 129

Vision and audition are examples of __.

Back 129

special information

Front 130

__ refers to striated skeletal muscles that are embryologically derived from somites.

Back 130

somatic

Front 131

__ nonstriated muscles are concerned with vegetative tasks and relate to the internal vital body organs involved in the respiratory, vascular, and digestive systems.

Back 131

visceral

Front 132

General and special information is divided into somatic and visceral subtypes, both of which include efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory) fibers. The only exception to this classification is the lack of a __.

Back 132

special somatic efferent system

Front 133

The cerebral neocortex consists of six cellular layers (laminae), which are classified by their neuronal density and architecture as seen under light microscopy

Back 133

molecular layer
external granular
external pyramidal
internal granular
internal pyramidal
multiform

Front 134

Various __ of the cellular architecture of the cortex have been constructed. The most frequently used in neurologic literature is Brodmann.

Back 134

cytoarchitectural maps

Front 135

Tertiary areas of the temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortex are called __ of the brain. They are concerned mostly with processing of cross-modality input from other cortical areas and integrating and elaborating complex functions.

Back 135

association areas

Front 136

__ refers to the fiber bundles connecting the cerebellum to the brainstem.

Back 136

peduncle