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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Neuron |
Ingredient that makes up our nervous system |
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Cell body or soma |
Contains the nucleus and can't reproduce |
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Dendrite |
Many fibers extending from the cell body to receive information from other neurons |
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Axon |
Long, fluid filled tube that carries neurons messages to other neurons. Some have myelin, others without-nodes of Ranvier. |
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Axon |
Long, fluid filled tube that carries neurons messages to other neurons. Some have myelin, others without-nodes of Ranvier. |
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Myelin |
Makes the speed of neuron a lot faster |
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Axon |
Long, fluid filled tube that carries neurons messages to other neurons. Some have myelin, others without-nodes of Ranvier. |
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Myelin |
Makes the speed of neuron a lot faster |
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Nodes of Ranier |
Space between myelin |
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Glial cells |
Makes myelin |
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Glial cells |
Makes myelin |
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Glial cells does what? |
Provides structural support. Provides nutrition. Enhance the speed of communication/produces myelin sheath. Removes waste. |
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Glial cells |
Makes myelin |
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Glial cells does what? |
Provides structural support. Provides nutrition. Enhance the speed of communication/produces myelin sheath. Removes waste. |
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Types of neurons |
Sensory. Motor. Interneurons. |
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Glial cells |
Makes myelin |
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Glial cells does what? |
Provides structural support. Provides nutrition. Enhance the speed of communication/produces myelin sheath. Removes waste. |
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Types of neurons |
Sensory. Motor. Interneurons. |
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Sensory |
Brings information to the central nervous system from scenes, skin and internal organs. |
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Motor |
Takes information from the central nervous system to the muscle and glands. |
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Interneurons |
Neurons in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory and motor output. |
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Communication within the neuron |
There has to be enough stimulation from the environment to active the Neuron. When enough stimulation (Stimulus Threshold) has occurred, the neuron will activate sending a nervous impulse through the neuron called an (Action Potential) |
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Communication within the neuron |
There has to be enough stimulation from the environment to active the Neuron. When enough stimulation (Stimulus Threshold) has occurred, the neuron will activate sending a nervous impulse through the neuron called an (Action Potential) |
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All or nothing law |
The neuron either activates or it doesn't |
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Communication within the neuron |
There has to be enough stimulation from the environment to active the Neuron. When enough stimulation (Stimulus Threshold) has occurred, the neuron will activate sending a nervous impulse through the neuron called an (Action Potential) |
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All or nothing law |
The neuron either activates or it doesn't |
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Polarized neuron |
At rest |
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Communication between neurons |
The polarized neuron had positive charged sodium ions on the outside and fewer positive charged potassium on the inside of the neuron. |
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Refractory period |
The time it takes for these ions to get back to the original state |
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Refractory period |
The time it takes for these ions to get back to the original state |
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Depolarized |
Activated neuron |
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Synapse |
Structure that permits to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell |
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Presynaptic neurons |
Neurons before the synapse |
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Postsynaptic beurons |
Neurons after the synapse |
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Postsynaptic beurons |
Neurons after the synapse |
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Synaptic gap |
Space between neurons |
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Transmission of information between neurons |
- action potential arrives at axon terminals containing synaptic vesicles/vacuoles. - release of neurotransmitters. - synaptic transmission. - reuptake or enzymatic destruction. - excitatory and inhibitory message. |
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Transmission of information between neurons |
- action potential arrives at axon terminals containing synaptic vesicles/vacuoles. - release of neurotransmitters. - synaptic transmission. - reuptake or enzymatic destruction. - excitatory and inhibitory message. |
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Vacuoles |
They contain neurotransmitters |
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Neurotransmitters |
Are released into the synapse, then they go into the other neuron by connecting to the docking space on the Dendrite, then are released back. |
What's going on in you're body |
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Neurotransmitters |
Are released into the synapse, then they go into the other neuron by connecting to the docking space on the Dendrite, then are released back. |
What's going on in you're body |
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Reuptake |
Neurotransmitters go back into the vesicles again. |
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Neurotransmitters |
Are released into the synapse, then they go into the other neuron by connecting to the docking space on the Dendrite, then are released back. |
What's going on in you're body |
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Reuptake |
Neurotransmitters go back into the vesicles again. |
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Neurotransmitters |
Makes your ability to think, perceive, feel, move, ect. And react depends on the delicate balance of neurotransmitters in your neurotransmitters. |
What you do |
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Excitatory |
Increases the likelihood the postsynaptic neuron will activate. |
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Inhibitory |
Decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will activate. |
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Inhibitory |
Decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will activate. |
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Acetylcholine (excitatory) function. |
-First discovered. -Found in junction between motor neurons and skeletal muscle. -Causes muscle contraction -learning and memory |
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Inhibitory |
Decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will activate. |
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Acetylcholine (excitatory) function. |
-First discovered. -Found in junction between motor neurons and skeletal muscle. -Causes muscle contraction -learning and memory |
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Dopamine Function (inhibitory) Effects of deficit |
-Voluntary muscle movement. -Learning and memory attention -Pleasurable or rewarding sensations
Deficit -Parkinson's disease -Social anxiety |
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Inhibitory |
Decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will activate. |
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Acetylcholine (excitatory) function. |
-First discovered. -Found in junction between motor neurons and skeletal muscle. -Causes muscle contraction -learning and memory |
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Dopamine Function (inhibitory) Effects of deficit |
-Voluntary muscle movement. -Learning and memory attention -Pleasurable or rewarding sensations
Deficit -Parkinson's disease -Social anxiety |
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Serotonin function and deficit (inhibitory) |
-emotional state/mood -pain perception -sexual behavior -tied to migraines -sleep Deficit -mood disorders -depression -anxiety disorders |
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Inhibitory |
Decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will activate. |
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Acetylcholine (excitatory) function. |
-First discovered. -Found in junction between motor neurons and skeletal muscle. -Causes muscle contraction -learning and memory |
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Dopamine Function (inhibitory) Effects of deficit |
-Voluntary muscle movement. -Learning and memory attention -Pleasurable or rewarding sensations
Deficit -Parkinson's disease -Social anxiety |
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Serotonin function and deficit (inhibitory) |
-emotional state/mood -pain perception -sexual behavior -tied to migraines -sleep Deficit -mood disorders -depression -anxiety disorders |
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Endorphins function (inhibitory) |
-pain perception -positive emotion -mood |
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Norepinephrine function, (excitatory) surplus and deficit |
-increase heart beat -for fight or fight reaction -learning and memory (ADHD) Surplus -anxiety Deficit -depression |
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Norepinephrine function, (excitatory) surplus and deficit |
-increase heart beat -for fight or fight reaction -learning and memory (ADHD) Surplus -anxiety Deficit -depression |
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Serotonin and norepinephrine (SSRI) |
Affects depression. The medicine doesn't go back into the vacuole, it stays in the synaptic space to make you feel better. |
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Norepinephrine function, (excitatory) surplus and deficit |
-increase heart beat -for fight or fight reaction -learning and memory (ADHD) Surplus -anxiety Deficit -depression |
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Serotonin and norepinephrine (SSRI) |
Affects depression. The medicine doesn't go back into the vacuole, it stays in the synaptic space to make you feel better. |
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ADHD |
Norepinephrine and dopamine |
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Norepinephrine function, (excitatory) surplus and deficit |
-increase heart beat -for fight or fight reaction -learning and memory (ADHD) Surplus -anxiety Deficit -depression |
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Serotonin and norepinephrine (SSRI) |
Affects depression. The medicine doesn't go back into the vacuole, it stays in the synaptic space to make you feel better. |
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ADHD |
Norepinephrine and dopamine |
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GABA function (inhibitory) |
Slows brain activity |
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Norepinephrine function, (excitatory) surplus and deficit |
-increase heart beat -for fight or fight reaction -learning and memory (ADHD) Surplus -anxiety Deficit -depression |
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Serotonin and norepinephrine (SSRI) |
Affects depression. The medicine doesn't go back into the vacuole, it stays in the synaptic space to make you feel better. |
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ADHD |
Norepinephrine and dopamine |
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GABA function (inhibitory) |
Slows brain activity |
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Glutamate function (excitatory) |
Makes brain work faster |
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How do drugs affect synaptic transmissions? |
-increase or decrease the amount of neurotransmitters released by neurons. -affect the length of time neurotransmitters remain in synaptic gap. -mimic specific neurotransmitters (nicotine similar to acetylcholine and opiates similar to endorphins). -mimic or block the effects of neurotransmitters by fitting into receptor sites and preventing neurotransmitters from acting. |
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Nervous system |
-Central nervous system -Peripheral nervous system |
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Nervous system |
-Central nervous system -Peripheral nervous system |
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Central nervous system |
-protected by bone -brain and spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid. -spinal reflexes |
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Nervous system |
-Central nervous system -Peripheral nervous system |
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Central nervous system |
-protected by bone -brain and spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid. -spinal reflexes |
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Peripheral nervous system |
-somatic nervous system (voluntary muscle movement) -autonomic nervous system (involuntary muscle moment) - sympathetic nervous system (gets your body going in an emergency) - parasympathetic nervous system (slows your body down) |
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The endocrine system |
-hormones -hypothalamus -glands |
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Hormones |
Chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands into the blood |
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The endocrine system |
-hormones -hypothalamus -glands |
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Hormones |
Chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands into the blood |
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Hypothalamus |
Part of the brain that links the endocrine system to the nervous system |
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Glands |
The pituitary hormones, in turn, regulate the production of other hormones by many of the glands in the endocrine system |
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Types of glands |
-Pineal -Pituitary -Thyroid -Adrenal -Pancreas -Ovaries/Testes |
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Pineal- location and function |
Location- head Function- produces melatonin |
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Pituitary- location and function |
Location- eye Function- regulates activities of several glands |
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Thyroid- location and function |
Location- neck Function- controls bodies metabolism rate |
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Thyroid- location and function |
Location- neck Function- controls bodies metabolism rate |
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Adrenal- location and function |
Location- top of kidneys Function- making of norepinephrine. Gets body going. Adrenaline. |
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Thyroid- location and function |
Location- neck Function- controls bodies metabolism rate |
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Adrenal- location and function |
Location- top of kidneys Function- making of norepinephrine. Gets body going. Adrenaline. |
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Pancreas- location and function |
Location- stomach Function- produces insulin. Regulates blood sugar. |
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Thyroid- location and function |
Location- neck Function- controls bodies metabolism rate |
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Adrenal- location and function |
Location- top of kidneys Function- making of norepinephrine. Gets body going. Adrenaline. |
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Pancreas- location and function |
Location- stomach Function- produces insulin. Regulates blood sugar. |
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Ovaries and testes- location and function |
Location- private Function- sexual function and sexual development |
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Studying the brain techniques? |
-Case studies -Imaging the brain |
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Case studies |
Definition- in-depth study of the brain. -injuries -Brain lesions- scare on the brain. -Electrical stimulation- check parts of the brain for surgery |
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Case studies |
Definition- in-depth study of the brain. -injuries -Brain lesions- scare on the brain. -Electrical stimulation- check parts of the brain for surgery |
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Imaging the brain |
-EEG -CAT -MRI -PET -fMRI |
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Case studies |
Definition- in-depth study of the brain. -injuries -Brain lesions- scare on the brain. -Electrical stimulation- check parts of the brain for surgery |
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Imaging the brain |
-EEG -CAT -MRI -PET -fMRI |
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EEG |
Monitors brain activity. (Function) |
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Case studies |
Definition- in-depth study of the brain. -injuries -Brain lesions- scare on the brain. -Electrical stimulation- check parts of the brain for surgery |
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Imaging the brain |
-EEG -CAT -MRI -PET -fMRI |
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EEG |
Monitors brain activity. (Function) |
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CAT |
Computerized axial tomography. (Structure) |
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Case studies |
Definition- in-depth study of the brain. -injuries -Brain lesions- scare on the brain. -Electrical stimulation- check parts of the brain for surgery |
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Imaging the brain |
-EEG -CAT -MRI -PET -fMRI |
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EEG |
Monitors brain activity. (Function) |
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CAT |
Computerized axial tomography. (Structure) |
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MRI |
Magnetic resonance imaging. (Structure) |
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Case studies |
Definition- in-depth study of the brain. -injuries -Brain lesions- scare on the brain. -Electrical stimulation- check parts of the brain for surgery |
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Imaging the brain |
-EEG -CAT -MRI -PET -fMRI |
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EEG |
Monitors brain activity. (Function) |
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CAT |
Computerized axial tomography. (Structure) |
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MRI |
Magnetic resonance imaging. (Structure) |
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PET |
Radioactively tagged glucose, oxygen etc. sees activity. (Function) |
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Case studies |
Definition- in-depth study of the brain. -injuries -Brain lesions- scare on the brain. -Electrical stimulation- check parts of the brain for surgery |
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Imaging the brain |
-EEG -CAT -MRI -PET -fMRI |
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EEG |
Monitors brain activity. (Function) |
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CAT |
Computerized axial tomography. (Structure) |
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MRI |
Magnetic resonance imaging. (Structure) |
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PET |
Radioactively tagged glucose, oxygen etc. sees activity. (Function) |
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fMRI |
Maps brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow and oxygen levels in the brain. (Function) |
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Brain |
Progressive development of hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain. |
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Neurogenesis |
Is the development of new neurons. |
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Hindbrain |
-Medulla -Pons -Cerebellum -Reticular Formation |
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Medulla function |
Controls breathing, heart beat, and other vital life functions. Have to have. |
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Medulla function |
Controls breathing, heart beat, and other vital life functions. Have to have. |
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Pons function |
Regulates breathing and helps coordinate the left and right side of the body. |
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Medulla function |
Controls breathing, heart beat, and other vital life functions. Have to have. |
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Pons function |
Regulates breathing and helps coordinate the left and right side of the body. |
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Cerebellum function |
Coordinates movement, balance and posture. |
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Reticular Formation function |
Helps regulate attention and alertness. Regulating your conscious state. Looks for something new. |
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Midbrain definition and structures |
Definition- contains structures involved in processing visual and auditory information. Structures- -substantia nigra |
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Midbrain definition and structures |
Definition- contains structures involved in processing visual and auditory information. Structures- -substantia nigra |
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Substantia nigra |
Motor control and produces lots of dopamine producing neurons. This helps us be able to initiate movement. |
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Cortical localization |
The idea that specific psychological and mental functions are located in specific brain areas. |
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Cerebral cortex |
-Temporal lobe -Occipital lobe -Parietal lobe -Frontal lobe |
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Cerebral cortex |
-Temporal lobe -Occipital lobe -Parietal lobe -Frontal lobe |
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Left temporal lobe |
Language comprehension (Wernicke's Area) |
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Right temporal lobe |
Recognizing melody, tone and rhythm. |
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Right temporal lobe |
Recognizing melody, tone and rhythm. |
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Occipital lobe |
Visual information. (Back of the brain) |
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Parietal lobe |
Somatosensory cortex- receives information about body sensations. |
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Parietal lobe |
Somatosensory cortex- receives information about body sensations. |
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Frontal lobes |
-Speech productions (left frontal lobe) -Process voluntary muscle movement in (motor cortex). -Thinking and planning. |
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Parietal lobe |
Somatosensory cortex- receives information about body sensations. |
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Frontal lobes |
-Speech productions (left frontal lobe) -Process voluntary muscle movement in (motor cortex). -Thinking and planning. |
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Motor cortex |
Controls voluntary movement. |
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Corpus Callosum |
Connects right and left side of the brain |
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Corpus Callosum |
Connects right and left side of the brain |
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Association areas |
Combines motor and sensory information and coordinated interactions in different parts of brain. |
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