Campbell Ap Psychology - Neuroscience And Behavior

Front 1

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

Back 1

biological psychology

Front 2

a nerve cell

Back 2

neuron

Front 3

the basic building block of the nervous system

Back 3

neuron

Front 4

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron

Back 4

dendrite

Front 5

receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body

Back 5

dendrite

Front 6

the extension of a neuron ending in branching terminal fibers

Back 6

axon

Front 7

messages are carried through this to other neurons or muscles or glands

Back 7

axon

Front 8

a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons

Back 8

myelin sheath

Front 9

enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next

Back 9

myelin sheath

Front 10

a neural impulse

Back 10

action potential

Front 11

a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Back 11

action potential

Front 12

is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane

Back 12

action potential

Front 13

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Back 13

threshold

Front 14

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Back 14

synapse

Front 15

also called synaptic gap or cleft

Back 15

synapse

Front 16

chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons

Back 16

neurotransmitters

Front 17

when released by the sending neuron, this will travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron

Back 17

neurotransmitters

Front 18

influences whether the receiving neuron will generate a neural impulse

Back 18

neurotransmitters

Front 19

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network

Back 19

nervous system

Front 20

consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

Back 20

nervous system

Front 21

the brain and spinal cord

Back 21

central nervous system (CNS)

Front 22

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Back 22

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 23

neural "cables" containing many axons

Back 23

nerves

Front 24

bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system

Back 24

nerves

Front 25

connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

Back 25

nerves

Front 26

neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system

Back 26

sensory neurons

Front 27

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

Back 27

motor neurons

Front 28

central nervous system neurons

Back 28

interneurons

Front 29

they internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Back 29

interneurons

Front 30

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

Back 30

somatic nervous system

Front 31

also called the skeletal nervous system

Back 31

somatic nervous system

Front 32

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)

Back 32

autonomic nervous system

Front 33

consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Back 33

autonomic nervous system

Front 34

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

Back 34

sympathetic nervous system

Front 35

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

Back 35

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 36

a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

Back 36

reflex

Front 37

interconnected neural cells

Back 37

neural networks

Front 38

can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results

Back 38

neural networks

Front 39

the body's "slow" chemical communication system

Back 39

endocrine system

Front 40

a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Back 40

endocrine system

Front 41

chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands

Back 41

hormones

Front 42

chemical messengers that are produced in one tissue and affect another

Back 42

hormones

Front 43

a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys

Back 43

adrenal glands

Front 44

secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

Back 44

adrenal glands

Front 45

help to arouse the body in times of stress

Back 45

adrenal glands

Front 46

the endocrine system's most influential gland

Back 46

pituitary gland

Front 47

under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

Back 47

pituitary gland

Front 48

tissue destruction

Back 48

lesion

Front 49

a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

Back 49

lesion

Front 50

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

Back 50

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

Front 51

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue

Back 51

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Front 52

show brain anatomy

Back 52

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Front 53

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans

Back 53

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Front 54

show brain function

Back 54

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Front 55

the oldest part and central core of the brain

Back 55

brainstem

Front 56

beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull

Back 56

brainstem

Front 57

is responsible for automatic survival functions

Back 57

brainstem

Front 58

the base of the brainstem

Back 58

medulla

Front 59

controls heartbeat and breathing

Back 59

medulla

Front 60

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

Back 60

reticular formation

Front 61

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brainstem

Back 61

thalamus

Front 62

it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Back 62

thalamus

Front 63

the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem

Back 63

cerebellum

Front 64

its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

Back 64

cerebellum

Front 65

a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres

Back 65

limbic system

Front 66

associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex

Back 66

limbic system

Front 67

includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

Back 67

limbic system

Front 68

two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion

Back 68

amygdala

Front 69

a neural structure lying below the thalamus

Back 69

hypothalamus

Front 70

it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature)

Back 70

hypothalamus

Front 71

helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

Back 71

hypothalamus

Front 72

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres

Back 72

cerebral cortex

Front 73

the body's ultimate control and information-processing center

Back 73

cerebral cortex

Front 74

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

Back 74

glial cells (glia)

Front 75

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead

Back 75

frontal lobes

Front 76

involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

Back 76

frontal lobes

Front 77

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear

Back 77

parietal lobes

Front 78

receives sensory input for touch and body position

Back 78

parietal lobes

Front 79

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head

Back 79

occipital lobes

Front 80

includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field

Back 80

occipital lobes

Front 81

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears

Back 81

temporal lobes

Front 82

includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear

Back 82

temporal lobes

Front 83

the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

Back 83

motor cortex

Front 84

the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

Back 84

sensory cortex

Front 85

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions

Back 85

association areas

Front 86

are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

Back 86

association areas

Front 87

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area

Back 87

aphasia

Front 88

controls language expression

Back 88

Broca's area

Front 89

usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Back 89

Broca's area

Front 90

controls language reception

Back 90

Wernicke's area

Front 91

usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression

Back 91

Wernicke's area

Front 92

the brain's capacity for modification

Back 92

plasticity

Front 93

evident in brain reorganization following damage and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development

Back 93

plasticity

Front 94

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Back 94

corpus callosum

Front 95

a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (corpus callosum) between them

Back 95

split brain