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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intracellular cation |
K+ (potassium) |
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Extracellular cation |
NA+ (sodium) |
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Resting potential |
-70mV |
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Hyperpolarized membrane |
Stimulus causes membrane potential to be more negative (-85mV) |
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Depolarized membrane |
Stimulus causes membrane potential to be less negative (-60mV) |
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Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract pathway |
2 motor neurons, Precentral cortex ---> crossover @ medulla oblongata ---> effector |
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Corticospinal tract function(s) |
Voluntary Movement |
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UMN (upper motor neuron) syndrome |
1. Spastic paralysis (⬆ muscle tone) 2. hyperflexxia 3. no muscle atrophy |
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LMN (lower motor neuron) syndrome |
1. Impulses cannot reach muscles 2. Flaccid paralysis (no muscle tone --> atrophy) 3. No reflexes |
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Dopamine role |
Inhibitory n.t. |
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Basal nuclei (ganglia) |
Gray matter deep in cerebral white matter, Important in starting, stopping, and monitoring intensity of movements |
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Autonomic Nervous System Parts |
Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Autonomic Nervous System Effectors |
Heart muscle Smooth muscle Glands |
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Somatic Nervous System |
Skeletal muscle, 1 neuron (LMN), Ach (excitatory) |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
Smooth & Cardiac muscle & glands, 2 neurons (pre- & postganglionic) Ach & Ne |
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Parasympathetic Division |
"Rest and Digest" |
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Parasympathetic Reactions |
1. Pupils constrict 2. Increase in digestion 3. bronchioles Constrict 4. Lower HR and force |
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Cholinergic Fibers |
Releases Ach (acetylcholine) |
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Adrenergic Fibers - Majority |
Releases NE (norepinephrine) |
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Parasympathetic neuron N.T.s |
-----< Ach ------------< NE |
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Sympathetic neuron N.T.s |
--------------< Ach -----< Ach |
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Types of cholinergic receptors |
1. Nicotinic 2. Muscarinic |
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Types of adrenergic receptors |
1. Alpha 2. Beta |
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Acetylcholinesterase |
Breaks down Ach in synaptic cleft |
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Monoamine oxidase |
Breaks down norepi in terminal |
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Lateral Corticospinal tract pathway |
Cerebral Cortex ---> Spine |
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Spinothamalic tract pathway |
Spine ---> Thalamus |
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Fasciculus Gracillis tract pathway |
Post-central gyrus ---< Thalamus ---< Spinal Cord ---< Skin |
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Fasciculus Gracillis/Cuneatus Functions |
Pressure, body movement, and precise touch |
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Spinothalamic tract pathway |
Post-central gyrus ---< Thalamus ---< Spinal Cord ---< Skin
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Spinothalamic functions |
Pain, temperature, crude touch, and pressure |
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Action Potential |
-55mV |
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Summation |
Subthreshold stimuli can be added together to reach threshold |
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Thick & myelinated |
Fastest impulse |
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Think & unmyelinated |
Slowest impulse |
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Synapse components |
Axon terminal, synaptic gap/cleft, dendrite/cell body |
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Facilitation/Convergence |
2 or more neurons connecting |
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Divergence |
2 or more neurons spreading out, amplifies impulse with a larger response |
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The muscle layers from large to small |
Fascia ---> Fascicle ---> Muscle Fiber ---> Myofibril ---> Filaments |
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Muscle's Cytoplasm |
Sarcoplasm |
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Muscle's cell membrane |
Sarcolemma |
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Muscle's E.R. (Calcium storage) |
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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Causes muscle contractions |
Actin and myosin |
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Troponin-tropomyosin complex |
Blocks binding sites on actin (during rest) |
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1st part of a muscle contraction |
LMN ---> Calcium release ---> Synaptic gap ---> Ach release ---> Motor end plate ---> Receptors (nicotinic) |
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2nd part of a muscle contraction |
Skeletal muscle fibers ---> Sarcoplasmic reticulum ---> Calcium release ---> Troponin-tropomyosin complex moves ---> Actin exposed ---> Myosin & Actin bind |
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Aerobic respiration |
oxygen ---> 36 ATP/glucose |
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Anarobic respiration |
No oxygen ---> 2 ATP/glucose |
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Myoglobin |
Draws oxygen to muscle cells |
