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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
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2nd MOST COMMON 'CNS DISEASE' AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WHERE BODY ATTACKS THE 'MYELIN SHEATH' (OLIGODENDROGLIA) IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM WHICH CAUSES NERVE CONDUCTION INTERRUPTED.
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What are the 10 symptoms of 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
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1. DISTURBANCES IN SPEECH 2. DISTURBANCES IN VISION 3. NUMBNESS 4. FATIGUE 5. DEPRESSION 6. LOSS OF COORDINATION 7. UNCONTROLLABLE TREMORS 8. LOSS OF BLADDER CONTROL 9. MEMORY PROBLEMS 10. PARALYSIS
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What are some of the possible treatments for 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
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1. ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) TREATMENT 2. EXERCISE 3. PHYSICAL THERAPY
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What is 'TAY-SACHS DISEASE'?
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INHERITED DISEASE IN WHICH THE 'MYELIN SHEATHS' ARE DESTROYED. EXCESSIVE LIPID ACCUMULATION OCCURS IN THE MEMBRANE LAYERS.
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How does 'LOCAL ANESTHESIA' work? What are 2 examples of drugs of this type?
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BLOCK THE INITIATION OF 'ACTION POTENTIALS' IN NEURONS. PHYSICALLY BLOCK SODIUM CHANNELS LIDOCAINE AND COCAINE ARE ARE EXAMPLES OF DRUGS THAT ARE LOCAL ANESTHETICS.
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What is the 'SYNAPSE' defined as?
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JUNCTION BETWEEN '2 NEURONS' WHERE THE ELECTRICAL IMPULSE OF ONE NEURON INITIATES A SERIES OF EVENTS
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What are the 3 parts of a 'SYNAPSE'?
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1. AXONS TERMINALS 2. SYNAPTIC CLEFT 3. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
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What are 'AXON TERMINALS' defined as?
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SMALL ROUNDED/OVAL KNOBS, BOUTONS, END FEET OR 'PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS'. SITE WHERE 'SYNAPTIC VESICLES' CONTAINING 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' ARE LOCATED.
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What are the 3 main 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'? What do they do?
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1. ACETYL CHOLINE (ACh) 2. NOREPINEPHRINE (NorEPI) 3. EPINEPHRINE (EPI) *STIMULATE MUSCLES
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What is the 'SYNAPTIC CLEFT' defined as?
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MICROSCOPIC SPACE BETWEEN THE '2 NEURONS'
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What is the 'POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE' defined as?
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CELL MEMBRANE THAT CONTAINS 'SPECIFIC RECEPTORS' FOR THE 'NEUROTRANSMITTER'
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There are 5 events that take place each time a 'SYNAPSE' is made. What are they?
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1. IMPULSE TO AXON TERMINAL (PRESYNAPTIC NEURON) 2. Ca+ CAUSES RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER INTO SYNAPTIC CLEFT 3. NEUROTRANSMITTER DIFFUSES ACROSS SYNAPTIC CLEFT/DETECTED BY RECEPTORS ON POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON 4. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE = STIMULATED/INHIBITED DEPENDING ON NEUROTRANSMITTER 5. NEUROTRANSMITTER IS DIFFUSED OUT OF CLEFT OR METABOLIZED
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What are the 2 enzymes that metabolize the excess 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' left in the synaptic cleft?
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1.CHOLINESTERASE (ACh) 2. MONOAMINE OXIDASE (NorEPI)
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What 'ENZYME' metabolizes excess 'ACETYLCHOLINE' in the 'SYNAPTIC CLEFT'?
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CHOLINESTERASE
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What 'ENZYME' metabolizes excess 'NOREPINEPHRINE' in the 'SYNAPTIC CLEFT'?
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MONOAMINE OXIDASE
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What are the 3 characteristics of a 'SYNAPSE'?
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1. SYNAPTIC DELAY 2. SYNAPTIC FATIGUE (DEPLETION OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER) 3. ONE-WAY CONDUCTION
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Drugs may influence/alter 'SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION' in what 4 different ways?
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1. 'SYNTHESIS' OF NEUROTRANSMITTER 2. 'RELEASE' OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER 3. 'BINDING' OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER WITH THE RECEPTOR 4. 'DESTRUCTION' OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER
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How does 'NERVE GAS' function?
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ACTS AS AN 'ANTI-CHOLINESTERASE' *MUSCLES STAY CLINCHED AND ACETYL CHOLINE (ACh) IS NOT BROKEN DOWN.
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What 3 disease affect 'SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION'?
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1. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 3. BOTULISM
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What is 'PARKINSON'S DISEASE' defined as?
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LACK OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER 'DOPAMINE'
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What is 'MYASTHENIA GRAVIS' defined as?
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BLOCKS 'ACETYLCHOLINE' (ACh) NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS.
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What is 'BOTULISM' defined as?
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'INHIBITION' OF 'ACETYL CHOLINE' (ACh) RELEASE
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There are 2 types of transmissions in 'NEURONS'. What are they?
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1. EXCITATORY 2. INHIBITORY
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What is 'SYNAPTIC INTEGRATION' defined as?
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ABILITY FOR A SINGLE 'NEURON' TO BY STIMULATED BY: 1. EXCITATORY TRANSMISSIONS 2. INHIBITORY TRANSMISSIONS FROM 'DIFFERENT' 'PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS'
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What to 'EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' do?
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CAUSE THE 'POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON' TO BECOME 'ACTIVE'.
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What to 'INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' do?
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CAUSE THE 'POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON' TO BECOME 'INHIBITORY'.
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What is 'SYNAPTIC EXCITATION'? What is it also referred as when this occurs?
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'EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE'S PERMEABILITY TO SODIUM (Na+) IONS KNOWN AS 'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP)
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What is 'EPSP'? What is the 'MEMBRANE' said to be in this state?
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'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' 'EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO Na+ IONS. MEMBRANE IS SAID TO BE 'HYPOPOLARIZED'
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During an 'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP), the membrane is said to be what?
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HYPOPOLARIZED
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What are the 2 different ways in order to get 'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP) to reach an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'? (*HINT - SUMMATIONS)
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1. SPATIAL SUMMATION 2. TEMPORAL SUMMATION
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What is 'SPATIAL SUMMATION'?
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'SEVERAL' PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS SIMULTANEOUSLY RELEASE NEUROTRANSMITTERS TO A SINGLE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON. (*HINT - (S)PATIAL AND (S)EVERAL)
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What is 'TEMPORAL SUMMATION'?
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'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP) result of the 'RAPID' discharge from the 'SAME' presynaptic terminal.
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What is 'SYNAPTIC INHIBITION'? What is it also referred as when this occurs?
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'INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE'S PERMEABILITY TO CHLORIDE (Cl-) AND POTASSIUM (K+) IONS. KNOWN AS 'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (IPSP)
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What is 'IPSP'? What is the 'MEMBRANE' said to be in this state?
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'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' 'INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO (CHLORINE) Cl- AND (POTASSIUM) K+ IONS. MEMBRANE IS SAID TO BE 'HYPERPOLARIZED'
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During an 'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (IPSP), the membrane is said to be what?
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'HYPERPOLARIZED'
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'STRYCHNINE' and 'TETANUS' are considered to be what? How do they function and what 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' do they effect?
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TOXINS BLOCK 'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS' (IPSPs) BY ANTAGONIZING 'GLYCINE' TRANSMISSION. CAUSE CONVULSIONS/HYPERACTIVITY IN 'MUSCLES'
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What is 'GRAND POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (GPSP) defined as?
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THE 'SUM' TOTAL OF BOTH 'EXCITATORY' AND 'INHIBITORY' POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS THAT ARE BEING STIMULATED.
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There are 6 basic types of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' groups. What are they?
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1. ACETYLCHOLINE 2. AMINO ACIDS 3. AMINES 4. POLYPEPTIDES 5. PURINES 6. GASES
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What are the 4 main 'AMINO ACID' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'?
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1. GLUTAMATE 2. GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) 3. GLYCINE 4. ASPARTATE
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GLUTAMATE'? What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory)
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'AMINO ACID' 'EXCITATORY'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GABA' (gamma-aminobutyric acid)? What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory)
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'AMINO ACID' 'INHIBITORY'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GLYCINE'? What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory)
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'AMINO ACID' 'MAINLY INHIBITORY'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'ASPARTATE'? What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory)
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'AMINO ACID' 'EXCITATORY'
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What are the 5 main 'AMINE' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'? Why are they grouped into this?
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1. NOREPINEPHRINE 2. EPINEPHRINE 3. DOPAMINE 4. SEROTONIN 5. HISTAMINE *All made from the 'SAME' 'AMINO ACID'
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What 3 'AMINE' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' are made from the same single 'AMINO ACID'? Which 'AMINO ACID' causes this?
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1. NOREPINEPHRINE 2. EPINEPHRINE 3. DOPAMINE AMINO ACID = 'TYROSINE'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'NOREPINEPHRINE'?
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'AMINE'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'EPINEPHRINE'?
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'AMINE'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'DOPAMINE'?
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'AMINE'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'SEROTONIN'?
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'AMINE'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'HISTAMINE'?
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'AMINE'
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What 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' are in the 'POLYPEPTIDE' group? What is their function?
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1. SUBSTANCE P 2. ENDORPHINS/ENKEPHALINS FUNCTION: TRANSMISSION/INHIBITION OF PAIN
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What are the 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' in the 'PURINE' group?
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1. ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (AMP) 2. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
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Which 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is in the 'GAS' group? What is it's 'HALF-LIFE'?
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'NITRIC OXIDE' HALF-LIFE = 2-30 SECONDS
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TRUE OR FALSE EVERY TIME YOU STEP 'NEURONS' ARE BEING INHIBITED/STIMULATED?
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TRUE 'NEURONS' ARE BEING 'INHIBITED/STIMULATED' ON OPPOSITE ENDS EACH TIME YOU STEP.
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The 'MOTOR' area is located on what part of the 'BRAIN'?
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FRONT
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The 'SENSORY' area is located on what part of the 'BRAIN'?
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BACK
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What is the 'LARGEST' and 'MOST PROMINENT' part of the brain? How much 'MASS' does it make up of the brain?
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'CEREBRUM' '80% OF THE TOTAL BRAIN MASS'
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'GROOVES' or 'VALLEYS' located on the surface of the 'BRAIN' are also called what two things?
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'FISSURES' or 'SULCI'
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The 'BRAIN' is separated into 3 'FISSURES/SULCI'. What are they? What is their purpose?
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1. LONGITUDINAL FISSURE 2. CENTRAL FISSURE 3. LATERAL FISSURE PURPOSE = HELP DIVIDE 'BRAIN' INTO LOBES
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'CONVOLUTIONS' or 'FOLDS' on the surface of the 'BRAIN' are also called what? What is the plural form of this called?
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GYRUS = SINGULAR GYRI = PLURAL
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What are the 2 'CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES' connected to each other by? What is this made up of? Why is this important?
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'CORPUS CALLOSUM' MADE UP OF '300 MILLION' NEURAL AXONS. ALLOWS COMMUNICATION/COOPERATION WITH RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERES.
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The 'RIGHT HEMISPHERE' is known to be connected with what type of characteristics? (*There are 2 of them)
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1. CREATIVE PERCEPTION 2. ARTISTIC PERCEPTION
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The 'LEFT HEMISPHERE' is known to be connected with what type of characteristics? (*There are 3 of them)
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1. LOGIC 2. ANALYTICAL ABILITY 3. LANGUAGE
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What are the names of the 4 'LOBES' of the 'CEREBRUM'?
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1. FRONTAL LOBE 2. PARIETAL LOBE 3. TEMPORAL LOBE 4. OCCIPITAL LOBE
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What are the 3 functions of the 'FRONTAL LOBE'? What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on?
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1. MOTOR AREA 2. ELABORATE THOUGHT 3. SPEAKING ABILITY LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM'
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What are the 3 functions of the 'PARIETAL LOBE'? What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on?
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1. SENSORY AREA 2. BODY FEELINGS/TOUCH/PRESSURE/HEAT/COLD/PAIN 3. BODY POSITIONS LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM'
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Which 'LOBE' of the 'CEREBRUM' is connected with 'SOMESTHETIC' and 'PROPRIOCEPTION' sensations?
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'PARIETAL LOBE' SOMESTHETIC = SENSES IN SKIN/BODY PROPRIOCEPTION = POSITION PERCEPTION
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What is the sole function of the 'TEMPORAL LOBE'? What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on?
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HEARING LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM'
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What is the sole function of the 'OCCIPITAL LOBE'? What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on?
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VISUAL INPUT LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM'
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What is the 'CEREBRAL CORTEX'? Where is it located?
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GRAY MATTER (6 LAYERS OF NEURONS) LOCATED ON THE 'OUTER PORTION' OF THE 'CEREBRUM' (3/16")
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What are the 6 'various' 'FUNCTIONS' of the 'CEREBRUM'?
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1. ALL 'CONSCIOUS' FUNCTIONS 2. INTERPRETATIONS OF SENSATIONS 3. UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE 4. INTELLIGENCE 5. MEMORY 6. EMOTIONAL FEELINGS
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The 'THALAMUS' is located 'right' next to what other part of the 'BRAIN'?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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The 'THALAMUS' has 4 main functions. What are they?
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1. CRUDE SENSATION OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE, TOUCH 2. PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS 3. COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION 4. IS A 'RELAY CENTER' (RECEIVES 'ALL' SENSORY INPUT EXCEPT FOR 'SMELL'.
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is considered to be the 'RELAY CENTER'?
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'THALAMUS' *RELAY CENTER = RECEIVES 'ALL' SENSORY INPUT (EXCEPT FOR SMELL) AND RELAYS TO 'SENSORY CORTEX'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with the 'RECOGNITION OF CRUDE SENSATIONS OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE AND TOUCH'?
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THALAMUS
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS'?
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THALAMUS
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION'?
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THALAMUS
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What are the 4 functions of the 'HYPOTHALAMUS'?
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1. CONTROLS THE 'PITUITARY' 2. WATER BALANCE 3. APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE 4. BODY TEMPERATURE 5. INDIRECT/DIRECT INPUTS TO 'AUTONOMIC' NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' does 'NOT' have a well developed 'BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER'?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'CONTROLLING THE PITUITARY'?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'WATER BALANCE'?
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HYPOTHALAMUS VIA 'ADH' (ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE)
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'APPETITE/FOOD INTAKE'?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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What 'RECEPTORS' measure sugar levels? In which part of the 'BRAIN' are they located?
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RECEPTORS = GLUCOSTATS (RECEPTORS FOR GLUCOSE) LOCATED IN 'HYPOTHALAMUS' *APPETITE/FOOD INTAKE
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'BODY TEMPERATURE'?
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'HYPOTHALAMUS'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' has 'DIRECT/INDIRECT INPUTS TO THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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'HYPOTHALAMUS'
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The 'CEREBELLUM' (*NOT CEREBRUM!) has 3 main functions. What are they?
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1. CONTROL MUSCLE ACTION 2. POSTURAL REFLEXES 3. EQUILIBRIUM
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'CONTROLLING MUSCLE ACTION'?
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'CEREBELLUM' PLANS AND EXECUTES VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENTS
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'POSTURAL REFLEXES'?
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'CEREBELLUM'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'EQUILIBRIUM'?
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'CEREBELLUM'
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What are the 6 basic functions of the 'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'?
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1. CONTROLS HEART RATE 2. CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE 3. CONTROLS RESPIRATIONS 4. REFLEXES OF 'VOMITING' 5. COUGHING 6. HICCUPING
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'CONTROLLING HEART RATE'?
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'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL'?
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'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'RESPIRATION CONTROL'?
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'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'REFLEXES IN VOMITING'?
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'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'COUGHING'?
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'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'HICCUPING'?
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'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
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