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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Role of CNS |
. Process and coorinate-
> Sensory Data; from inside and outside the body
> Motor Commands; control activities of peripheral organs
> High Functions of Brain; Intelligence, Memory, Learning, Emotions
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List 4 main functional regions of the brain |
1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Temporal lobe 4. Occipital lobe
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Frontal Lobe Function |
Controls motivation, emotion, personality, problem solving, memory and movement |
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Parietal Lobe Function |
Processes pain, touch, pressure and spatial awareness |
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Temporal Lobe Function |
Involved in hearing, language, memory and emotion |
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Occipital Lobe function |
Responsible for vision and visual perception |
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Cranial Lobes |
(Front base to rear base L to R)
1. Medulla oblongata (brainstem) 2. Pons (pocket at top of medulla oblongata) 3. Temporal Lobe 4. Pituitary gland 5. Thalamus (centre of brain) 6. Frontal Lobe 7. Limbic Lobe (parallel to frontal lobe toward centre of brain) 8. Parietal Lobe 9. Corpus callosum (backside of central brain cavity) 10. Occipital Lobe ( back of brain) 11. Cerebellum (flower looking bit, base of brain)
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Primary motor function (cranial lobes associate) |
Motor Cortex located in the Frontal lobe
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Memory and Judgement (cranial lobes associate) |
Temporal lobe |
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Speech (cranial lobes associate) |
Frontal lobe (broca's area) |
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Motor speech (cranial lobes associate) |
Frontal Lobe |
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Visual Area (cranial lobes associate) |
Posterior part of the occipital lobe |
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Primary Somatic Area (cranial lobes associate) |
Parietal Lobe |
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What is the Meningeal layers? |
Layers outside the brain |
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Name Meningeal layers |
Inside to outside
1. Cerebral cortex 2. Pia mater 3. Subarachnoid space 4. Arachnoid mater 5. Meningeal Dura mater 6. Peristaltic dura mater 7. Skull 8. Scalp |
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Main Components and volume of Cerebrospinal fluid |
> Protein > glucose > nutrients > Neurotransmitters > Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride)
* Volume is 90 - 200ml |
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Main components of Subdural space |
Meningeal Dura Mater . Provides robust protect and support . Usually adherent to the underlying arachnoid mater though tight functions Arachnoid Mater Middle layer that contributes to the creation of subdural space . Middle layer that contributes to the creation of subdural space . Beneath the dura mater . Beneath the dura mater
Subdural space . Thin, fluid filled cavity exists between the meningeal layernof the dura mater and the inner arachnoid mater. Surrounds the brain and spinal corn forming the cranial and spinal subdural spaces
Cerebrospinal fluid . The subdural space plays a role in the circulation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Functional Divisions of PNS |
. Sensory receptors of sense organs (Eyes, ears, taste, hearing) . Paired Spinal and cranial Nerves and Branches . Nerves connect nervous system with other systems |
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Cranial Nerves |
1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal |
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Optic Function |
Purely sensory; carries impulses for vision |
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Oculomotor function |
Supplies motor fibres to four of the six muscles (superior, inferior, medial rectus and inferior oblique) that direct eyeballs, eyelids and to the internal eye muscles controlling lens shape and pupil sizes |
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Trigeminal function |
Conducts sensory impulses from soon of the face and mucosa of the nose and mouth, also contains motor fibres that activate the chewing muscles |
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Abducens Function |
Supplies motor fibres to the lateral rectus muscle, which rolls the eye laterally |
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Facial Function |
Activates the muscles of the facial expression and the lacrimal and salivary glands; carries sensory impulses from the taste buds of anterior tongue |
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Accessory Function |
Mostly fibres that activate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles |
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Hypoglossal Function |
Most fibres control tongue movements, sensory fibres carry impulses from the tongue |
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Vagus Function |
Fibres carry sensory impulses from and motor impulses to the pharynx, larynx and the abdominal and thoracic viscera. Most motor fibres are parasympathetic fibres that promote digestive activity and help regulate heart activity |
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Main components of Subarachnoid Space |
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) . Produced by the choroid plexus within the brains ventricles, CSF flows through the ventricles and enter the subarachnoid space
Neurovasculature . Arteries and veins of the brain transverse this space, ensuring the blood supply and water removal |
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Role of a Nerve Plexus |
Complex network of nerves Calle plexuses, which serve the motor and sensory needs of limbs. |
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Main nerves associates with each spinal nerve plexuses |
Plexus - Cervical (c1-c5) Nerve - Phrenic
Plexus - Brachial (c5- c8 and t1) Nerve - axillary, radial, median, musculocutaneous, ulnar
Plexus - Lumbar (L1-L4) Nerve- Femoral, Obturator
Plexus - Sacral (L4-L5 and S1-S4)Nerve - sciatic; fibula and tibial nerves, superior and inferior gluteal |
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Location of Spinal Cord structures |
1. White matter- outer disc of the spinal cord 2. Grey matter- central disc of the spinal cord 3. Dorsal Root - upper connection to central fissure (left side) 4. Ventral Root- bottom connection to central fissure (left side) 5. Dorsal horn - Right branch out of spinal cord 6. Ventral horn - inferior to the dorsal horn |
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Functional Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System |
. Sympathetic nervous system .Parasympathetic Nervous system |
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Typical sympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the the airway |
Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptors > Location: smooth muscle in the airway > Agonism Effects: - Vasoconstriction and Bronchoconstriction > Antagonism Effects: - blocking beta2 can result in Bronchoconstriction, which is undesirable in respiratory disorders Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors > Location: Located smooth muscle airway > Agonism Effects: - stimulation causes Bronchoconstriction by contracting the airway smooth muscles > Antagonism Effects: - Bronchodilation Muscarinic Receptors (M1, M2, M3) > Agonism Effects: - M3 Receptors: Bronchoconstriction, Increased mucus secretion and airway inflammation - M2 Receptors: inhibits acetylcholine Release, indirectly promoting Bronchodilation > Antagonism Effects: - M3 Receptors: blocking M3 can lead to Bronchodilation and reduced mucus production -M2 Receptors: Inhibition of M2 Receptors may enhance acetylcholine Release, potentially causing Bronchoconstriction |
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Beta Adrenergic Receptors affects on Airway (Sympathetic) |
>Beta-1: -Location: Increases Heart Rate and Contractility - Agonism: Enhances cardiac output - Antagonism: Reduces cardiac output
>Beta-2: - Location: Found in cardiac myocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. - Agonism: Vasodilation and Bronchodilation. Increased Heart contractility
>Beta-3 Location: in the heart and adipose tissue Agonism: May protect the heart and improve cardiac metabolism |
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Muscarinic Receptors affects on Airway (Sympathetic) |
> Muscarinic 2 Receptors Location: In the heart Agonism: Decreases heart rate by altering electrical activity in SA Node. Also affects AV Node conduction
> Muscarinic 3-5 Receptors vasorelaxation. Location: - In epithelial cells cause vasorelaxation.
- In vascular smooth muscle cells, M1 & M3 Receptors can cause Vasoconstriction |
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Typical sympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the Central circulation |
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors > Location: found in vascular smooth muscles (arteries and veins) > Agonism Effects: Vasoconstriction increases peripheral resistance and raises blood pressure > Antagonism Effects: - Vasodilation decreases peripheral resistance and lower blood pressure Alpha- 2 Adrenergic Receptors > Location: Located presynaptically on sympathetic nerve terminals > Agonism Effects: - Inhibition of Norepinephrine Release: Reduces sympathetic outflow > Antagonism Effects: - Increased Norepinephrine Release: Enhances sympathic activity Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptors > Location: Predominantly in the heart (myocardium) > Agonism Effects: - Increased Heart Rate and Contractility: Enhances cardiac output > Antagonism Effects: - Reduced Heart Rate and Contractibility: Decreased cardiac output Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptors > Location: Found in bronchial smooth muscles, arterioles and skeletal muscle > Agonism Effects: - Bronchodilation: Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle - Vasodilation: Increases blood flow > Antagonism Effects - Bronchoconstriction: Narrow airways - Vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle: Decreases blood flow Dopamine Receptors > Location: Present in renal, mesenteric and coronary arteries > Agonism Effects: - Dilates Renal and Mesenteric Arteries: Increases blood flow to these organs - Inotropic Effects on the heart: Enhances contractility > Antagonism Effects: - Reduced Blood Flow to Kidneys and Gut: Decreases perfusion |
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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors affects on Central Circulation (Sympathetic) |
> Location: found in vascular smooth muscles (arteries and veins)
> Agonism Effects: Vasoconstriction increases peripheral resistance and raises blood pressure
> Antagonism Effects: - Vasodilation decreases peripheral resistance and lower blood pressure |
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Alpha- 2 Adrenergic Receptors affects on Central Circulation (Sympathetic) |
> Location: Located presynaptically on sympathetic nerve terminals
> Agonism Effects: - Inhibition of Norepinephrine Release: Reduces sympathetic outflow
> Antagonism Effects: - Increased Norepinephrine Release: Enhances sympathic activity |
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Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptors affects on Central Circulation (Sympathetic) |
> Location: Predominantly in the heart (myocardium)
> Agonism Effects: - Increased Heart Rate and Contractility: Enhances cardiac output
> Antagonism Effects: - Reduced Heart Rate and Contractibility: Decreased cardiac output |
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Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptors on Central Circulation (Sympathetic) |
> Location: Found in bronchial smooth muscles, arterioles and skeletal muscle
> Agonism Effects:- Bronchodilation: Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle- Vasodilation: Increases blood flow
> Antagonism Effects- Bronchoconstriction: Narrow airways- Vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle: Decreases blood flow |
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Dopamine Receptors affects on Central Circulation (Sympathetic) |
> Location: Present in renal, mesenteric and coronary arteries
> Agonism Effects - Dilates Renal and Mesenteric Arteries: Increases blood flow to these organs - Inotropic Effects on the heart: Enhances contractility
> Antagonism Effects: - Reduced Blood Flow to Kidneys and Gut: Decreases perfusion |
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Typical sympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the urinary system |
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors > Location: bladder neck, urethra > Agonism Effects: - contraction of the bladder neck and urethra, which can inhibit urine flow. > Antagonism Effects: - Relaxation of the bladder neck and urethra, promoting urine flow. Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptors > Location: bladder > Agonism Effects: - relaxation in bladder detrusor muscle, allowing the bladder to hold more urine. > Antagonism Effects: - blocking receptor may lead to increased bladder contraction, affecting bladder function Muscarinic (M3) Adrenergic Receptors > Location: bladder, bladder neck, urethra > Agonism Effects: - contraction of bladder detrusor muscle, bladder neck and urethra > Antagonism Effects - blocking M3 can lead to bladder relaxation - blocking M3 in bladder neck and urethra can cause urinary retention |
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Alpha1 Receptors affects on Urinary System (Sympathetic) |
Location: bladder neck, urethra
> Agonism Effects: - contraction of the bladder neck and urethra, which can inhibit urine flow.
> Antagonism Effects: - Relaxation of the bladder neck and urethra, promoting urine flow. |
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Muscarinic Adrenergic Receptors affects on Urinary system (Sympathetic) |
Muscarinic (M3) Adrenergic Receptors > Agonism Effects: - contraction of bladder detrusor muscle, bladder neck and urethra
> Antagonism Effects - blocking M3 can lead to bladder relaxation - blocking M3 in bladder neck and urethra can cause urinary retention |
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Typical parasympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the airways |
Muscarinic Receptors > Agonism - stimulation M3 in bronchial smooth muscle causes Bronchoconstriction, narrowing airways - M3 promotes increased mucus production > Antagonism - blocking M3 can lead to Bronchodilation, improves airflow in respiratory disorders |
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Typical sympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the peripheral circulation |
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors > Agonism Effects - stimulation in smooth muscle of blood vessels causes Vasoconstriction. Reduces blood flow to peripheral tissue > Antagonism Effects - blocking can lead to vasodilation, increasing blood flow to peripheral area
Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptors > Agonism Effects -Activation in heart increases heart rate and Contractility. Enhances blood flow and cardiac output > Antagonism Effects - blocking may reduce HR and Contractility
Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptors > Agonism Effects - stimulation of smooth muscle of arterioles causes vasodilation > Antagonism Effects - blocking may reduce vasodilation and blood flow
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptors > Agonism Effects - Activation in presynaptic nerve terminals decreases Norepinephrine release > Antagonism Effects - blocking can enhance Norepinephrine Release |
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Beta-1 Receptors affects on peripheral Circulation (sympathetic) |
> Agonism Effects -Activation in heart increases heart rate and Contractility. - Enhances blood flow and cardiac output > Antagonism Effects- blocking may reduce HR and Contractility |
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Beta-2 Receptors affects on Peripheral Circulation (sympathetic) |
> Agonism Effects - stimulation of smooth muscle of arterioles causes vasodilation > Antagonism Effects - blocking may reduce vasodilation and blood flow |
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Alpha-2 Receptors affects on peripheral Circulation (sympathetic) |
> Agonism Effects- Activation in presynaptic nerve terminals decreases Norepinephrine release > Antagonism Effects- blocking can enhance Norepinephrine Release |
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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors affects on Peripheral Circulation (sympathetic) |
> Agonism Effects- stimulation in smooth muscle of blood vessels causes Vasoconstriction. Reduces blood flow to peripheral tissue > Antagonism Effects- blocking can lead to vasodilation, increasing blood flow to peripheral area |
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Typical parasympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the central circulation |
Muscarinic Receptors (M1,M2,M3) > Agonism - Activation of M3 causes vasodilation in certain vascular beds, including coronary arteries. This effect increases blood flow to the heart muscle - stimulation of M2 in heart decreases heart rate and Contractility, indirectly affecting central circulation > Antagonism - blocking M3 reduce vasodilation and blood flow - Inhibition of M2 can increase HR and Contractibility Nicotinic Receptors > Agonism - Activate of Nicotinic Receptors in autonomic ganglia can lead to increased release of acetylcholine, affecting central circulation - stimulation at neuromuscular junction affects skeletal muscle contraction, limited impact on central circulation > Antagonism - blocking receptor can result in autonomic ganglionic transmission - Inhibition may affect neuromuscular function, minimal direct effect in central circulation |
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Nicotinic Receptors affects on Central Circulation (parasympathetic) |
> Agonism - Activate of Nicotinic Receptors in autonomic ganglia can lead to increased release of acetylcholine, affecting central circulation - stimulation at neuromuscular junction affects skeletal muscle contraction, limited impact on central circulation
> Antagonism - blocking receptor can result in autonomic ganglionic transmission - Inhibition may affect neuromuscular function, minimal direct effect in central circulation |
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Typical parasympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the urinary System |
Muscarinic Receptors > Agonism Effects - stimulates bladder detrusor muscle causing contraction - M3 Receptors in the bladder neck and urethra also cause contraction aiding in urine flow control > Antagonism Effects - blocking M3 receptors can lead to bladder relaxation - blocking M3 in bladder neck and urethra can cause urinary retention |
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Typical parasympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the heart |
Muscarinic Receptors > Agonism Effects - Decreases HR, reducing cardiac contractility. Mediated by release of acetylcholine - M3 influence AV Node conduction, slowing down electrical impulses between Atria and ventricles
> Antagonism Effects - blocking M3 can lead to increased HR and enhanced cardiac contractility |
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Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptors affects on Urinary System (Sympathetic) |
> Agonism Effects: - relaxation in bladder detrusor muscle, allowing the bladder to hold more urine.
> Antagonism Effects: - blocking receptor may lead to increased bladder contraction, affecting bladder function |
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Typical parasympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the GI tract |
Muscarinic Receptors > Agonism Effects - stimulation M3 in smooth muscle of GI Tract causes increased mobility and contraction - promotes increased mucus production >Antagonism Effects - blocking M3 can lead to reduced motility and relaxation of GI smooth muscles - blocking M3 can decrease mucus production |
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Typical sympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the heart |
Beta- Adrenergic Receptors >Beta-1: -Location: Increases Heart Rate and Contractility - Agonism: Enhances cardiac output - Antagonism: Reduces cardiac output
>Beta-2: - Location: Found in cardiac myocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. - Agonism: Vasodilation and Bronchodilation. Increased Heart contractility
>Beta-3 Location: in the heart and adipose tissue Agonism: May protect the heart and improve cardiac metabolism
Muscarinic Receptors
> Muscarinic 2 Receptors Location: In the heart Agonism: Decreases heart rate by altering electrical activity in SA Node. Also affects AV Node conduction
> Muscarinic 3-5 Receptors vasorelaxation. Location: In epithelial cells cause vasorelaxation.In vascular smooth muscle cells, M1 & M3 Receptors can cause Vasoconstriction In vascular smooth muscle cells, M1 & M3 Receptors can cause Vasoconstriction |
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Typical parasympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the peripheral circulation |
Tbc |
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Muscarinic Receptors affects on Central Circulation (parasympathetic) |
> Agonism - Activation of M3 causes vasodilation in certain vascular beds, including coronary arteries. This effect increases blood flow to the heart muscle - stimulation of M2 in heart decreases heart rate and Contractility, indirectly affecting central circulation > Antagonism- blocking M3 reduce vasodilation and blood flow- Inhibition of M2 can increase HR and Contractibility |
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Typical sympathetic receptor site types and the effects of their agonism or antagonism on the GI tract |
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors > Agonism Effects: - stimulates smooth muscle of blood vessels causing Vasoconstriction (reduces blood flow to GI organs) > Antagonism Effects: - blocking can lead to vasodilation, increasing blood flow to GI tissues Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptors > Agonism Effects: - Activate GI smooth muscle causes relaxation, reduces motility and promoting digestion > Antagonism Effects: - blocking may increase GI motility and contractility Beta-3 Adrenergic Receptors > Agonism Effects: - stimulation of beta3 in GI tract may influence motility and secretion |
