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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Gender studies |
Research into masculinity and femininity as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories. |
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Sex |
Observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences. |
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Gender |
The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes. |
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Sexual dismorphism |
The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. |
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Cultural construction of gender |
The ways humans learn to behave as a man or woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context. |
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Gender performance |
The way gender identity is expressed through action |
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Intersexual |
An individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia |
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Transgender |
A gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to ones assigned sex at birth. |
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Gender stratification |
An unequal distribution of power and access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender. |
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Gender stereotype |
A preconceived notion about the attributes and proper roles for men and women in a culture. |
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Gender ideology |
A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypically, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification. |
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Sexuality |
The complex range of desires that are related to erotic physical contact |
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Kinship |
The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom |
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Nuclear family |
Mother, father and children |
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Descent group |
A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through blood relatives |
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Lineage |
Linking persons to a founding ancestor. |
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Clan |
A type of descent based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lack of genealogical documentation. |
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Affinal relationship |
Relationship established through marriage or alliance---not through common descent |
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Polygyny |
Marriage between one man and multiple women |
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Polyandry |
Marriage between one woman and multiple men |
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Monogamy |
Marriage between two partners |
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Incest taboo |
Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives, |
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Exogamy |
Marriage outside kinship group |
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Endogamy |
Marriage inside kinship group |
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Bridewealth |
The gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of marriage process |
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Dowry |
Gift from brides family to grooms family as part of marriage process |
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Family of orientation |
The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills |
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Family of procreation |
The family group created when one reproduces and within one rears a child |
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Egalitarian society |
A group based on sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence |
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Reciprocity |
The exchange of resources among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties |
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Ranked society |
A group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are |
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Redistribution |
A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern |
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Potlatch |
Elaborate redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest |
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Bourgeoisie |
Marxist term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production |
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Means of production |
The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things. |
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Proletariat |
Marxist term for the class of laborers who own only their labor. |
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Prestige |
The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups. |
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Life chances |
An individual's opportunities to improve quality of life and achieve life goals. |
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Social mobility |
The movement of one's class position, upward or downward, in stratified societies. |
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Social reproduction |
The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next. |
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Habitus |
Term to describe self-perceptions and beliefs that develop as part of one's social identity and shape one's conceptions of the world and where one fits into it. |
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Cultural capital |
The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society. |
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Intersectionality |
An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification. |
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Income |
What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties. |
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Wealth |
The total value of what someone owns, minus debt |
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Economy |
A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and thrive. |
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Food foragers |
Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat |
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Pastoralism |
A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals |
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Horticulture |
The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labir |
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Agriculture |
An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land. |
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Carrying capacity |
The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region |
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Redistribution |
A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern |
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Modernization theories |
Economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized world |
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Development |
Strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies. |
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Dependency theory |
A critique of modernization theory that argued that despite the end of colonialism the underlying economic relations of the modern worlds economic system had not changed |
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Underdevelopment |
The term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economy. |
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Core countries |
Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system |
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Periphery countries |
The least powerful and least developed countries |
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Fordism |
The dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century, asked in a social compact among labor, corporations, and government. |
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Flexible accumulation |
The increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization |
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Neoliberalism |
An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government |
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Commodity chain |
The hands an item passed through between producer and consumer |
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Pushes and oulls |
The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country |
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Internal migration |
The movement of people within their own national borders |
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Labor immigrant |
A person who moved in search of a low-skill and low-wage job |
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Professional immigrant |
A highly trained individual who moved to fill An economic niche in a middle-class profesison |
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Entrepreneurial immigrant |
A person who moved to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business |
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Refugee |
A person who has been forced to move beyond his or her national border because of persecution, armed conflict, or natural disasters |
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Band |
A small kinship based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory. |
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Chiefdom |
Political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief |
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State |
An autonomous rule with a central government |
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Hegemony |
Ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force |
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Civil society organization |
A local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities. |
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Militarization |
The consented social process through which a civil society organized for the production of military violence |
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Agency |
The potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power |
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Framing process |
The creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements. |
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Religion |
A set of beliefs based on a unique version of how the world ought to be, often revealed through insights into a supernatural power and lived out in community. |
Joseph smith |
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Martyr |
A person who sacrificed his or her life for the sake of religion. |
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Saint |
An individual who is considered exceptionally close to God and is exalted after death |
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Sacred |
Anything that is holy |
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Profane |
Anything not considered holy |
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Ritual |
An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging. |
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Rite of passage |
A category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another |
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Liminality |
Stage in rite of passage that involves a period of outsoderhood |
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Cultural materialism |
A theory that argued that material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization |
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Imitative Magic |
A ritual performance that achieved efficacy by imitating the desired magical result |
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Contagious magic |
Ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from one person to another. |
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Authorizing process |
The complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning. |
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Health |
Absence of disease |
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Disease |
A discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by a health professional |
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Illness |
The individual patient's experience of sickness |
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Ethnomedicine |
Local systems of health and helming rooted in culturally specific norms and values |
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Ethopharmacology |
Local use of natural substances in healing |
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Biomedicine |
Applies principles of biology and natural science to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting healing |
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Critical medical anthropology |
An approach to the study of health and illness that analyzes the impact of inequality and stratification within systems of peer on individual and group health outcomes |
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Medical migation |
The movement of diseases, medical treatments, and entire health care systems, as well as those seeking medical care, across national borders |
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Medical pluralism |
The intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing |
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Illness narratives |
Personal stories that people tell to explain their illness |
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