Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anthropology
|
a study of humankind everywhere, throughout time
|
|
|
4 sub-fields of anthropology
|
1. biological anthropology
2. cultural anthropology 3. linguistic 4. archaeology |
|
|
1. Biological Anthropology
|
-analyze fossils & observe living primates to reconstruct human's ancestry
-emphasizes man as organisms->human variation, genetics, evolution |
|
|
Sub-disciplines of Biological Anthropology
|
-Forensics Anthropology
-Osteology (study of human skeletons) -Primatology -Paleoanthropology |
|
|
2. Cultural Anthropology
|
study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings
|
|
|
3. Linguistics
|
study of human languages
-description of a language - history -social setting(importance of words) -used before we knew much of DNA |
|
|
4.Archaeology
|
studies MATERIAL REMAINS of past cultures in order to reconstruct human behaviors.
-analyzes...... -artifacts and context - features (fire hearth, cairns) -faunal and botanical remnants |
|
|
Evolution
|
changes in allele variants possessed by members of a population
|
|
|
Linnaeus->Taxonomy
|
created a classificatory system
-placed humans as just another animal |
|
|
Primate (primata order) Characteristics
|
-grasping hands & feet
-reduced sense of smell -acute vision - flexible shoulder girdle |
|
|
5 groups of living primates
|
1. Lemurs & Lorises
2. Tarsiers 3. New World Monkeys 4. Old World Monkeys 5. Small & Great Apes |
|
|
Characteristics of the order Primata (4...)
|
1.grasping hands and feet
2.reduced sense of smell 3.acute vision 4.flexible shoulder girdle |
|
|
Primata:
A) Prosimi 1. lemurs 2. tarsiers B) Anthropoidea 1. Homonoidea -hylobatidae (gibbon) -hominidae (homosa) -pongidae (gorillas, chimps, orangutans, bonobos) |
Primate taxonomy
(from Primata to Homo sapiens) |
|
|
Humans most CLOSELY related to...
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. chimps
2. bonobos 3. gorillas 4. orangutans |
|
|
Humans most DISTANTLY related to...
1. 2. |
1. Gibbons
2. siamangs |
|
|
which primate does not mainly live in groups?
|
orangutan
|
|
|
Similarities between great apes and ourselves
|
-dental formula (2-1-2-3)
-skeletal anatomy |
|
|
Evolution
|
changes in allele frequencies in a population
|
|
|
Thomas Malthus and Population Principles
|
limited resources (food supply) > checks population growth
|
|
|
Lyell
|
popularized uniformitarianism
|
|
|
Darwin's Natural Selection
|
-struggle for existence
-some traits are better adapted for a particular environment -individuals with well-adapted traits will survive to reproduce and pass on those traits |
|
|
Mendel's principles
|
Principle of Segregation
Principle of Independent assortment |
|
|
Principle of Segregation
|
Aa
-A -a -during formation of gametes, alleles separate from each other, forming new gametes that contain either one or the other allele |
|
|
Principle of Independent Assortment
|
genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
|
|
|
Which are dominant? A B or O?
|
A B- dominant
O- recessive AB- codominant |
|
|
dominant allele
|
the gene that is expressed in a heterozygous condition
|
|
|
recessive allele
|
the gene that is MASKED in a heterzygous condition
|
|
|
homozygous
|
TT or tt
|
|
|
heterozygous
|
Tt
|
|
|
allele
|
alternative form of a gene
|
|
|
gene
|
section of DNA that codes for a particular trait
|
|
|
combine natural selection with modern genetics to get modern evolutionary theory (5......)
|
1. genetic drift
2. genetic flow 3. selective mating 4. unequal fertility 5. mutation |
|
|
genetic drift
|
random changes in gene frequency from one generation to the next
|
|
|
mutation
|
chance alternation of genetic material that produces new variation
|
|
|
gene flow
|
exchange of genes in a population
|
|
|
APES
|
humans
chimps gorillas bonobos orangutans gibbons siamangs |
|
|
Jane Goodall studied.........
|
wild chimpanzees
-discovered primates use tools and have an intellectual capacity |
|
|
5 groups of living primates
|
1. lemurs and lorises
2. tarsiers 3. new world monkeys 4. old world monkeys 5. small and great apes |
|
|
Lemurs and lorises
|
-use hands in pairs
-grooming claws -nocturnal -MADAGASCAR |
|
|
New World Monkeys
|
-flat noses
-long tail -small bodied -arboreal -CENTRAL and SOUTH AMERICA |
|
|
Old World Monkeys
|
-arboreal & terrestrial
-large brains -downward facing nostrils external small tails -AFRICA & ASIA -opposable thumbs |
|
|
Small (HYLOBATIDAE) & Great (PONGIDAE) Apes
|
-closest living relative
-gorillas=largest of the apes -tailless -2-1-2-3 dental formula -large brains -diurnal activity pattern |
|
|
hylobatidae
|
-small apes
-longer forelimbs than hindlimbs -exclusively arboreal -eat fruits and leaves -gibbons and siamangs -SOUTHEAST ASIA |
|
|
pongidae
|
-great apes
-quadrupedal knuckle-walkers - mostly vegetarian diet -significant sexual dimorphism -least social of all primates -BORNEO & SUMATRA |
|
|
gorilla gorilla
|
-quadrupedal knuckle-walker
-very social (silver back males lead females) -eat mostly vegetarian diet -CENTRAL and EAST AFRICA |
|
|
pan troglodytes
|
-common chimpanzee
-very similar to humans -knuckle-walkers (sleep/feed in trees) -very social -make and use tools -most widespread -through out AFRICA |
|
|
pan paniscus
|
-bonobos
-do not interbreed with common chimps but do in captivity -more gracile, slender build than chimps -parted hair, flatter faces -very sexual -CENTRAL AFRICA |
|
|
taphonomy
|
study of how bones & other materials come to be preserved in the earth as fossils.
|
|
|
suitable sites for preservation
|
1. lake bottoms, caves
2. frozen in ice 3. encased in tree resin (amber) 4. tar pits and peat bogs |
|
|
taphonomy
|
study of how bones and other materials can be preserved in the earth as fossils
|
|
|
TRUE or FALSE
-the fossil record is an incomplete record of the history of living organisms |
TRUE
|
|
|
TRUE or FALSE
-All organisms have the same preservation potential. |
FALSE
|
|
|
Which parts of an organism are fossilized?
|
The hard parts
-i.e. bones, teeth, shells, horns, woody tissues of plants |
|
|
fossil recovery depends on.........(3)
|
1. accessibility to site
2. knowledge of fossil locations 3. resources |
|
|
the best environments for fossilization to occur......
|
aquatic
hot, dry dry, cold |
|
|
conditions that must be met for fossilization to occur......
|
1. organism remains must be suitable for preservation.
2. carcass must be buried quickly 3. materials covering carcass must be favorable for fossilization |
|
|
information from fossilized skulls
|
-vision & hearing capabilities
-brain size and complexity -locomotion |
|
|
Dating Methods (2)
|
1.Relative Dating
2. Chronometric Dating |
|
|
relative dating
|
determines the age of objects relative to one another
-stratigraphy |
|
|
Chronometric Dating
|
determines ABSOLUTE age of an object in units of time
-radiocarbon dating - potassium argon dating |
|
|
Stratigraphy
|
strata/layers are in relative position to each other
|
|
|
Radiocarbon Dating
|
measures the proportion of CARBON 14 to CARBON 12 remaining in organic objects
-carbon 14 half-life= 5730 years -severely limited to young fossils |
|
|
Potassium-argon Dating
|
measures the radioactive potassium 40 that has decayed into argon in volcanic material.
-potassium half-life= 1.3 billion yr. |
|
|
__________ is EVERYTHING
|
CONTEXT
|
|
|
NAGPRA
|
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
|
