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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How Many Cell do we have in the body
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300 trillion
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What does the nucleus contain
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protons that are positivey charged.
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What is the process of photosynthesis?
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Photosynthesis is the process of plants making their food from Co2 and creating O2. through the taking in of sunlight.
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What are the classes of molecules?
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*Carbohydrates ( C,H,O- glucose is an example)
*Proteins ( C,H,O,N) *Lipids ( fats- C,H,O) |
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What are all of the classes of molecules derived from?
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glucose
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What is the difference between a monome and a polymer of glucose?
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monome has only one a polymer has many.
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What happens if you eat too many carbohydrates?
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Goes from glucose to glycogen which gets stored in your muscles.
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What is the digestion process?
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Your body breaks down food, continues through the stomache, and then the food is processed and distributed to other cells through the bloodstream.
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What is the blood circulatory system?
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Carries glucose to your cells until it needs no more. has a receptor that only recognizes glucose molecules
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What is cancer?
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When your body makes too many blood microcapillaries and it feeds and a tumor starts to grow.
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What is Angiogensis?
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the process of developing more blood microcappilaries.
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What happens when you prevent angiogensis?
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your body can't heal injuries.
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What happens if another enzyme that is not the exact same shape sits in the stop.
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Doesn't work if something else
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How many different types of proteins are there?
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2,500
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What are proteins?
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They are linear strands of aminoacids.
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What are fats?
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lipids/ triglycerides
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What is fats relation to water?
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It is water insoluble.
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What are triglycerides?
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Glycerol +3 separate fatty acid molecules
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How many grams of cholesterol does our body naturally make?
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700 grams. This is all we need.
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What happens if you take more cholesterol than you need?
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you clog up your arteries.
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What does Ergosterol?
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it disallows the intake of Ergosterol because it ca'nt get in.
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Where does ergosterol come from?
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it comes from plants.
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What can cholesterol be turned into?
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makes testostosterone and into estradiol
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What can benecol do?
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it can decrease cholesterol absorbtion.
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What do all atoms have in the middle?
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The nucleus- protons- positivley charged. and nuetrons- no charge.
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Protons + neutrons= ?
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Mass
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What is the outer shell called?
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valence electrons.
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how many electrons in the first outer shell?
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two
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how many electrons in the second outer shell?
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eight
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Atoms are stable if?
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* full number of electrons in valence shell
* no electrons in valence shells. |
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What is a covalent bond?
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the sharing of electrons.
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what are the three properties of chrial carbons
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1.It's a molecule bonded to 4 chemically different groups.
2. bonded to 4 chemically different groups. 3. same as asymmetric carbos. |
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What is the molecular weight of H20?
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18g per mole.
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What degrees does H20 become liquid?
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0 degrees celcius.
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how many calorie diet are we supposed to have?
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2,000 calorie diet.
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What is an electrostatic bond?
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Ionized groups of opposite charge. ex. carboxyl group.
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What is type II diabetes closely related to?
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Obesity
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What is diabetes closley related to? What molecule?
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glucose
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What happens in diabetes .. possibly?
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chance of limb loss/ amputations because blood can't bring oxygen to tissues
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What else nerve wise can happen?
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Nerve damages and you don't know if you have been injured and it can be difficult for you to heal.
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What starts the digestion process. ?
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chwing- putting holes in food and allowing the saliva to break it down.
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What does saliva do?
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It lubricates, and breaks down
* Amylose * Amylopectin * glycogen into smaller pieces. |
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What is in saliva?
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Salivary Amylose
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What is the stomach?
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it is a muscular bag that keeps food in for a long time
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How does food get to the stomache?
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esophagus to the esophageal sphincter to the stomach
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What are some characteristics of the stomach?
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It has gastric pits with cells.
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What do the cheif cell secrete? and where are they found?
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pepsinogen ; in the stomach
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What do the parietal cell secrete?
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hydrocholic acid.
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What is the process of breaking down the proteins?
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pepsinogen uses hydocholic acid and turns it into pepsin and protein fragments.
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What is pepsin?
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pepsin is a protease which is an enzyme which takes apart proteins.
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What is the blood glucose conentration?
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1g per 1 liter of blood.
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the more carbs the more?
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the glucose concentration.
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how much insulin does the pancrease secrete?
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1.6 g/l
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What is the process when your body gets too much glucose?
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1. insulin goes to blood stream where the tissues are. 2. Whatever it finds a cell with insulin receptor, it can sit there. 3. sends signals across the membrant, but does not enter the cell. 4. puts extra glucose on the transporters, which take glucose to cells that can store it.
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What is Type I diabetes?
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IDDM:insulin dependent diabetes melitus.
* autimmune disease * normal individual makes * 30 units of insulin a day. |
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How much insulin does a normal person make a day?
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30 units.
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How much insulin does a type I diabetic make per day?
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0-4 unites per day. Monitor glucose concentration.
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What is type two diabetes?
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most common form in this country. 95% are type two. They make insulin, but don't use it. Fat storing cells have no space. Adiposites ( cells that store) secrete horomone: resistin.
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How much calcium do you need a day
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1g per day.
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What is calcium aborbtion dependent on?
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on Vitamin D.
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How much insulin does a normal person make a day?
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30 units.
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How much insulin does a type I diabetic make per day?
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0-4 unites per day. Monitor glucose concentration.
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What is type two diabetes?
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most common form in this country. 95% are type two. They make insulin, but don't use it. Fat storing cells have no space. Adiposites ( cells that store) secrete horomone: resistin.
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How much calcium do you need a day
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1g per day.
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What is calcium aborbtion dependent on?
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on Vitamin D.
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What is cardiovascular disease?
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* it is the blockage of blood flow.
* related to fat deposit on the inside of your blood vessels. * Causes complete blockage in the vessel. |
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What is the lipid molecule in diet?
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* 90% fats
*3-4 % cholesterol *3-4 % phospholids. *2% proteins |
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What are heartattcks due to?
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muscle failure.
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How much vitamin D do you get a day for 10 min of noon day sun?
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10 mg of vitamin d.
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What is the skin reaction? to vitamin D?
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* it is transported in the liver
* molecule starts in skin and @ period of time goes into bloodstream and liver * leaks over to kidney * Kidney converts it to the 125 droxide vitamin D. |
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What is vitamin D?
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a horomone to ensure your body gets enough calcium.
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What does osteoporosis mean?
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bones with holes.
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What happens when your blood calcium level goes down?
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the monosites which are the white bloodcells in your bone marrow are turned into osteoclasts which attatch to the inner surface of the bone and they start dissolving.
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What is bone made of ?
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calcium phosphate.
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What is rickets caused by?
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a calcium deficiency.
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What effect does light have on bone formation?
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without light the less they gross.
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What happens with blood calcium level goes down?
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the parathyroid gland secretes PTH converts monocytes to osteoclasts. and osteoclasts dissolve in calcium phosphate from bones.
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