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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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carbon containing comppunds |
almost all molecules a cell makes |
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Variation of carbon skeletons |
length ~ double bonds ~ branching ~ rings |
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Properties of organic compinds depend on |
size and shape ~ atoms attached |
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Most important chemical groups |
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino group, phosphate, methyl |
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Which does not contain carbon? |
Amino, hydroxyl, phosphate |
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Four main classes of macromolecules |
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid |
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Difference of lipids from others. |
Not soluble in water |
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small molecules joining together in chains |
polymers |
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building block of polymers |
monomers |
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connects monomers |
dehydration reaction |
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disassemble monomers |
hydrolysis |
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give range of monomers that molecules vary |
40 - 50 |
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diversity comes |
from linear sequences and thousand different macromolecules |
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Carbohydrates contain |
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen |
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simple sugars |
monosaccharide |
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double sugars |
disaccharides |
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complex sugars |
polysaccharide |
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trademarks of sugars |
hexoses |
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Functions of sugars. |
major nutrients ~ source of energy ~ raw materials |
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glucose + glucose |
maltose (beer) |
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glucose + fructose |
sucrose (table sugar) |
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Types of polysaccharides. |
Storage ~ structural |
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Storage |
starch (plants, glucose, leaves and stem) glycogen (animals, glucose, muscle, liver) |
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Structural |
Cellulose (cell wall plants) Chitin (exoskeleton animals) |
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Lipids mixes |
poorly with water |
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Types of lipids |
Fats ~ phospholipids ~ steroids |
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Compromises fats |
glycerol ~ fatty acids |
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Major functions of fats |
energy storage |
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Phospholipids essential for |
making up of cell membrane |
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Describe composition of phospholipids |
Hydrophilic heads ~ hydrophobic tails |
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Phospholipids added in water? |
Double layered structures called "bilayers" |
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Steroids |
Four fused rings |
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Sex hormones |
Cholesterol |
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Proteins came from Greek word |
"proteios" primary or first |
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Compromises % of cell dry mass |
50% |
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Types of Functions in proteins |
enzymatic ~ storage ~ defensive ~ transport ~ hormonal ~ contractile and motor ~ receptor ~ structural |
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coordination of organism activities |
hormonal (insulin) |
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protects against disease |
defensive (antibodies) |
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accelerate chemical reactions |
enzymatic (digestive) |
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support |
structural (keratin) |
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stores amino acids |
storage |
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transport substances |
transport (hemoglobin) |
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response to stimuli |
receptor |
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movement |
contractile and motor (actin, myosin) |
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Composition of amino acids |
carboxyl ~ amino ~ r group ~ hydrogen |
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Different types |
nonpolar (hydrophobic) polar (hydrophilic) electrically charged (+-) |
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peptide bonds are made through |
dehydration reaction |
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amino end, carboxyl end |
N-terminus, C-terminus |
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specific activities results from |
intricate three dimensional architecture |
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single polypeptide folds and coils to form |
functional protein |
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Two models |
Ribbon ~ space filling |
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Four levels of protein structure |
primary ~ secondary ~ tertiary ~ quaternary |
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hydrogen bonding causes folding |
seondary |
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more than one amino acid chain |
quaternary |
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sequence of a chain in amino acids |
primary |
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3 dimensional folding, side chain interactions |
tertiary |
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monomers of nucleic acid |
nucleotides |
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Two types |
RNA, DNA |
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what makes up nucleotide |
pentose sugar ~ phosphate group ~ nitrogenous bases |
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two types of pentose |
deoxyribose ~ ribose |
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Two types of bases |
Purine (two rings) Pyrimidine |
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Examples of purine |
Adenine ~ Guanine |
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Examples of Pyrimidine |
Thymine ~ cytosine ~ uracil |
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# of polynucleotides RNA |
single |
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# of polynucleotides DNA |
two (double helix) |
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name of backbone |
sugar phosphate backbone (complementary bases) |
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Relationship of DNA and RNA |
DNA sorted info ~ before synthesis, copied in another type called mRNA |
