Chapter 3: The Organic Molecules Of Life

Front 1

organic chemistry

Back 1

the study of organic molecules

Front 2

hydrocarbons

Back 2

chains of carbon atoms that are bonded only to hydrogen atoms

Front 3

isomers

Back 3

molecules that have the same number and kinds of atoms but different chemical properties because the atoms occur in different arrangements

Front 4

skeleton or backbone

Back 4

carbon chain of an organic molecule

Front 5

functional group

Back 5

specific combination of bonded atoms that always has the same properties

Front 6

biological molecules

Back 6

organic molecules in cells

Front 7

4 types of biological molecule

Back 7

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 8

nucleic acid

Back 8

forms genetic material

Front 9

monomer

Back 9

small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer

Front 10

polymer

Back 10

macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers

Front 11

dehydration synthesis reaction

Back 11

chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule

Front 12

hydrolysis

Back 12

splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with H+ being incorporated into one molecule and the OH- into the other

Front 13

carbohydrate

Back 13

a single sugar molecule, two bonded sugar molecules, or many sugar molecules bonded together used ad an immediate energy source

Front 14

monosaccharides

Back 14

single sugar molecule; simple sugar

Front 15

glucose

Back 15

six-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration

Front 16

disaccharide

Back 16

contains two monosaccharides bonded together

Front 17

polysaccharides

Back 17

polymers of monosaccharides

Front 18

starch

Back 18

chain of glucose molecules that can be nonbranched or branched

Front 19

glycogen

Back 19

a highly branched polymer of glucose molecules

Front 20

cellulose

Back 20

most abundant of all carbohydrates; major complex in plant cell walls

Front 21

chitin

Back 21

polymer of glucose found in the exoskeleton of crabs and related animals, such as lobsters and insects

Front 22

lipids

Back 22

these are insoluble in water due to their long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chains and their relative lack of hydrophilic functional groups

Front 23

glycerol

Back 23

three-carbon carbohydrate with three hydroxyl groups attached; a component of fats and oils

Front 24

fatty acid

Back 24

long chain of carbon atoms bonded only to hydrogen, with a carboxyl group at one end

Front 25

triglyceride

Back 25

neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

Front 26

unsaturated fatty acids

Back 26

have double bonds in the carbon chain wherever the number of hydrogen is less than two per carbon atom

Front 27

saturated fatty acids

Back 27

have no double bonds between carbon atoms

Front 28

trans fats

Back 28

contain fatty acids that have been partially hyrdogenated to make them more saturated and more solid

Front 29

monounsaturated

Back 29

one double bond

Front 30

polyunsaturated

Back 30

many double bonds

Front 31

phospholipids

Back 31

these are constructed like fats, except that in place of the third fatty acid, they have a charged phosphate group

Front 32

steroids

Back 32

lipids that possess a unique carbon skeleton made of four fused rings

Front 33

cholesterol

Back 33

component of an animal cell's plasma membrane, precursor of the common steroids, testosterone and estrogen

Front 34

testosterone

Back 34

male sex hormone formed in the testes

Front 35

estrogen

Back 35

female sex hormone found in the ovaries

Front 36

6 main functions of proteins

Back 36

1) Support, 2) Metabolism, 3) Transport, 4) Defense, 5) Regulation, 6) Motion

Front 37

protein

Back 37

molecule consisting as one or more polypeptides; macronutrient in the diet that is digested to amino acids used by cells to synthesize cellular proteins

Front 38

enzyme

Back 38

Organic catalyst, that speeds a reaction in cells due to its shape; usually a protein

Front 39

hemoglobin

Back 39

complex protein that transports oxygen

Front 40

amino acid

Back 40

Organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules

Front 41

peptide bond

Back 41

covalent bond between two amino acids

Front 42

Peptide

Back 42

Two or more amino acids covalently bonded together

Front 43

Polypeptide

Back 43

Chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Front 44

Primary structure

Back 44

The protein's sequence of amino acids

Front 45

Secondary structure

Back 45

Occurs when portions of the amino acid chain take on a certain orientation in space, depending on the number and identity of the amino acids present in the chain

Front 46

Tertiary structure

Back 46

Three-dimensional shape of a protein that results from the folding and twisting its secondary structure

Front 47

Denatured

Back 47

Broken down and inactivated

Front 48

Quaternary structure

Back 48

Contains more than one polypeptide chain

Front 49

Fibrous protein

Back 49

Adopts a rod like structure; examples are keratin and collagen

Front 50

Globular protein

Back 50

Has a rounded or irregular three-dimensional tertiary shape; such as hemoglobin

Front 51

Nucleic acids in cells

Back 51

DNA and RNA

Front 52

DNA

Back 52

Stores genetic information, contains many genes; the genes specify the sequence of the amino acids in proteins

Front 53

RNA

Back 53

The molecule the AIDS and transcribing and translating DNA into a protein

Front 54

Nucleotide

Back 54

Monomer in nucleic acid