Mjc Nutrition 219 (Gerling): Exam 2

Front 1

What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?

Back 1

a. Fiber
b. Starch
c. Glucose
d. Glycogen

Front 2

What is the first organ to receive carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine?

Back 2

a. Heart
b. Liver
c. Pancreas
d. Skeletal muscle

Front 3

Gluconeogenesis is a term that describes the synthesis of

Back 3

glucose from a noncarbohydrate substance.

Front 4

In the time between meals, what organ releases glucose to help maintain normal blood glucose levels?

Back 4

a. Liver
b. Pancreas
c. Intestines
d. Skeletal muscle

Front 5

In general, modifying a diet that by substituting complex carbohydrates for pure sugars results in a diet that is higher in

Back 5

a. fat.
b. fiber.
c. energy.
d. refined foods.

Front 6

Allen is 20 years old and asks for help in selecting a fiber-rich diet. After he ranks the kinds of foods he likes to eat, you provide him with a list of food items consisting of

Back 6

1 cup baked beans, 1 medium apple, 1 banana, 1½ cups oatmeal, 1 ounce 100% bran cereal, and ½ cup chopped raw carrots

Front 7

What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?

Back 7

a. Mouth
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine

Front 8

The enzymes that digest the disaccharides are produced by the

Back 8

a. mouth.
b. stomach.
c. pancreas. – the pancreas will release some but what I am looking for here is the DI saccharaides – maltose, sucrose, lactose
d. small intestine.

Front 9

All of the following foods are rich sources of soluble fiber except

Back 9

a. barley.
b. legumes.
c. oat bran.
d. wheat bran.

Front 10

If you consume carbohydrate in amounts greater than the need for energy and/or glycogen stores, the body stores will store it as:

Back 10

a. muscle
b. fat in adipose tissue
c. fibers

Front 11

A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a

Back 11

a. diglyceride.
b. triglyceride.
c. phospholipid.
d. monoglyceride.

Front 12

Which of the following is a factor that determines the hardness of a fat at a given temperature?

Back 12

a. Origin of the fat
b. Degree of saturation
c. Number of acid groups
d. Number of oxygen atoms

Front 13

What lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol back to the liver?

Back 13

a. Chylomicron
b. Low-density lipoprotein
c. High-density lipoprotein
d. Very-low density lipoprotein

Front 14

A common feature of the plant sterols is they

Back 14

a. raise LDL and lower HDL.
b. inhibit absorption of dietary cholesterol.
c. inhibit absorption of “bad” cholesterol.
d. enhance absorption of omega-3 fatty acids.

Front 15

Which of the following cannot be found in plants?

Back 15

a. Cholesterol
b. Triglycerides
c. Essential fatty acids
d. Nonessential fatty acids

Front 16

Which of the following is a feature of fat digestion?

Back 16

a. Cholesterol is stored primarily on the surface of veins
b. High-density lipoproteins represent the major transport vehicle for delivering fat to the adipose
cells
c. Fat storage is highly efficient due to the rapid uptake of the intact triglyceride molecule by adipose
cells
d. Triglycerides in the blood must first be broken down to monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol prior to uptake by the intestinal cells

Front 17

Which of the following substances cannot be absorbed directly into the blood?

Back 17

a. Glycerol
b. Long-chain fatty acids
c. Short-chain fatty acids
d. Medium-chain fatty acids

Front 18

Your aunt Gladys has a family history of heart disease. She decides to begin eating a bowl of oatmeal every morning to help lower her blood cholesterol. After about a month of following this routine, her cholesterol declined about 5 points. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this effect?

Back 18

a. Oatmeal is a low-fat food and inhibits the body’s synthesis of cholesterol
b. Oatmeal is high in complex fibers that inhibit cholesterol-synthesizing enzymes
c. Oatmeal consumed on a regular basis suppresses the craving for high-cholesterol foods
d. Oatmeal is high in soluble fibers that trap bile, causing the body to use more cholesterol for bile replacement

Front 19

Which of the following is a feature of fat intake and health?

Back 19

a. Intake of saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than intake of cholesterol
b. High intakes of fish oil lower bleeding time and improve diabetes and wound healing
c. High intakes of short- and medium-chain fatty acids raise high-density lipoprotein levels
d. Trans-fatty acids contained in polyunsaturated fats but not in monounsaturated fats alter blood
cholesterol levels

Front 20

What nutrient is used to form ketones?

Back 20

a. Fat
b. Protein
c. Simple carbohydrates
d. Complex carbohydrates

Front 21

Which of the following sources of lipids should be substituted for saturated fats to help lower blood cholesterol levels?

Back 21

a. Butter
b. Canola oil
c. Coconut oil
d. Stick margarine

Front 22

Ronnie eats a fairly balanced diet, but wants to include a good source of omega-3 fats. Which of the following should be your recommendation?

Back 22

a. Eggs
b. Salmon
c. Low-fat cheeses
d. Lean chicken breast

Front 23

In comparison to the composition of carbohydrates and fats, which element found in proteins makes them unique?

Back 23

a. Carbon
b. Oxygen
c. Nitrogen
d. Hydrogen

Front 24

Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?

Back 24

a. 5
b. 10
c. 20
d. 35

Front 25

Which of the following is a feature of an essential amino acid?

Back 25

a. It is not necessary in the diet
b. It must be supplied by the diet
c. It can be made from fat in the body
d. It can be made from glucose in the body

Front 26

Two plant proteins that contain all the essential amino acids are...

Back 26

a. rice and corn
b. soy and quinoa
c. beans and spinach
d. wheat and potato

Front 27

What is the amino acid pool?

Back 27

a. The total amino acid content derived from a 24-hour dietary intake
b. A measure of the circulating essential amino acid levels available for protein synthesis
c. The total amount of free amino acids in the circulation destined for deamination and excretion
d. A mix of essential and nonessential amino acids derived from protein breakdown and dietary protein intake

Front 28

If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?

Back 28

a. Body cells will synthesize it
b. Protein synthesis will be limited
c. Health will not be affected as long as other nutrients are adequate
d. Proteins will be made but they will lack that particular amino acid

Front 29

An example of a complementary protein is:

Back 29

a. bean burrito
b. hummus and pita bread
c. peanut butter sandwich
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

Front 30

The process by which bile acts on fat so enzymes can attack the fat is known as:

Back 30

a. condensation.
b. emulsification.
c. enzymification.
d. phosphorylation.

Front 31

Which of the following is a function of the intestinal microvilli?

Back 31

a. Secretion of bile salts
b. Secretion of digestive acid
c. Transport of nutrient molecules
d. Transport of pancreatic enzymes

Front 32

Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats?

Back 32

a. Vascular
b. Mesenteric
c. Lymphatic
d. Enterohepatic

Front 33

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body’s needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? (think of the carbon units)

Back 33

a. Fatty acids
b. Acetyl CoA
c. Amino acids
d. Carbon dioxide

Front 34

Which of the following is the only substrate that can directly obtain energy in the absence of oxygen?

Back 34

a. fatty acids
b glucose
c. ketones
d. amino acids

Front 35

The common pathway for the oxidation (metabolism) of products of glucose and fatty acid catabolism (breakdown) is:

Back 35

a. glycolysis
b. gluconeogenesis
c. the TCA cycle or Krebs cycle or Citric Acid Cycle

Front 36

After a period of prolonged fasting (starving), brain and nerve tissue changes its fuel requirements:

Back 36

a. and uses amino acids directly
b. so that glycerol becomes the primary source of energy
c. so that ketone bodies provide energy
d. and glycogen becomes the primary source of energy

Front 37

The energy of ATP may be derived from:

Back 37

a. carbohydrates
b. proteins
c. fats
d. all of the above

Front 38

Anaerobic glycolysis is:

Back 38

a. the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
b. the transfer of hydrogen to NAD
c. the formation of acetyl-CoA

Front 39

The part (s) of triglycerides that can be made into glucose is (are):

Back 39

a. short chain fatty acids
b. medium chain fatty acids
c. long chain fatty acids
d. all fatty acids
e. glycerol

Front 40

Severe deficiency of all the B vitamins contributes to fatigue by:

Back 40

a. inability to provide co-enzymes for metabolic functions
b. decreased level of NAD and FAD to carry electrons for synthesis of ATP
c. limiting calories
d. a and b
e. b and c

Front 41

Fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose because:

Back 41

a. they lack sufficient energy
b. as acetyl-CoA they enter the Krebs cycle and can never reform pyruvate
c. acetyl-CoA can be synthesized only from amino acid skeletons, not fatty acid skeletons
d. they contain 2 carbon units

Front 42

Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose?

Back 42

a. Cori cycle, TCA cycle, glycolysis
b. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain
c. Electron transport chain, TCA cycle, Cori cycle
d. TCA cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis

Front 43

Red blood cells have no mitochondria, therefore they must rely on _______ as their only energy yielding substrate.

Back 43

a. amino acids
b. glycogen
c. fatty acids
d. glucose

Front 44

After digestion and absorption, dietary carbohydrate may be:

Back 44

a. used for energy
b. converted to glycogen and stored in the liver or muscles
c. synthesized into fat
d. all of the above
e. none of the above.

Front 45

The term “hydrogenation” means:

Back 45

a. saturated fat is removed from a food product
b. to produce cis-fatty acids
c. adding hydrogen atoms to mono and polyunsaturated fats and making them more saturated

Front 46

Yogurt is an appropriate substitute for milk in the lactose intolerant individual because:

Back 46

a. the bacteria that converts milk to yogurt digests the lactose
b. the manufacturers have removed all the lactose before processing
c. lactase is added to the milk before it is sold
d. the lactose in yogurt is better tolerated

Front 47

"Active" absorption:

Back 47

a. allows nutrients to flow from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
b. involves a carrier molecule to move nutrients from outside to inside a cell
c. is a process involving phagocytosis or pinocytosis
d. requires the input of energy (ATP) and a carrier protein to move nutrients across
a concentration gradient.

Front 48

All of the following may serve as precursors for oxaloacetate synthesis except...

Back 48

a. fat.
b. starch.
c. glucose.
d. protein.

Front 49

An immediate consequence of a cellular deficiency of oxaloacetate is a slowing of...

Back 49

a. glycolysis.
b. the TCA cycle.
c. lactate synthesis.
d. ketone formation.

Front 50

Why might someone on a high protein, moderately high fat diet for weight loss complain of fatigue or lack of energy?

Back 50

a. lack of carbohydrate to provide oxaloacetate to make ATP in the TCA cycle
b. lack of carbohydrate to produce pyruvate during glycolysis
c. lack of carbohydrate contributing to increased levels of lactate
d. lack of 3 carbon units to regenerate glucose if needed