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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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urbanization |
growth of cities |
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heat island effect |
cities are warmer than their surroundings b/c -replacement of plants -low albedo of building materials and pavement -more combustion and waste heat in cities -less wind |
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urban water cycle |
altered b/c of -impermeable landscape -less infiltration -slow groundwater recharge -less evaporation and transpiration -more runoff |
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sprawl |
the expansion of suburban areas into areas surrounding cities Results in environmental problems: - habitat destruction and fragmentation - more fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions - health issues like stress and obesity - water pollution from road runoff |
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urban blight |
positive feedback loop resulting into the economic destruction of urban core caused by: - people leaving - reduced tax base means fewer services making more people leave |
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Causes of sprawl |
- automobiles - Federal Housing Administration subsidized home loans post WWII - creation of highways |
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Smart Growth |
set of land use policies to prevent blight - mixed use zoning - public transportation options - range of housing options - building inward using brownfields - compact building design - creating walkable neighborhoods - growth boundaries |
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brownfield |
abandoned former industrial site |
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Resource Conservation Ethic |
guides public land use mgmt decision making use resources to maximize benefit for the most people |
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Bureau of Land Managemetn |
BLM Responsible for managing Rangelands Also manage lands used for: mining, timber harvest, and recreation |
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Overgrazing |
occurs when rangelands are overused causing erosion and desertification Prevented by - rotational grazing - permitting - avoiding riparian zones |
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Taylor Grazing Act |
Prevents overgrazing by permitting ranchers to control number of grazing animals |
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National Parks |
Managed for: - recreation and conservation Managed by: - National Parks Service |
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Wildlife refuges |
Managed for : protecting wildlife Managed by: - US Fish and Wildlife Service |
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Wilderness areas |
Managed for: ecosystem protection human contact extremely limited Managed by: - US Fish and Wildlife Service |
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National Forests |
Managed for: - conservation, recreation, timber harvest Manged by: - US Forestry Service |
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Policy of Supression |
old USFS fire policy promoted putting out fires as quickly as possible Allowed for larger more intense fires |
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Healthy Forest Initiative |
new USFS fire policy prevents large intense fires by: - allowing selective timber harvesting to reduce tree density - prescribed burns |
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selective cutting |
forestry method of harvesting trees of only a certain height and leaving the rest of the forest in tact |
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clear cutting |
cutting down all trees in a specific area of a the forest |
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Mining |
extraction of minerals from earths crust for use as: - metals - energy - construction materials etc. |
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subsurface mining |
tunnel is drilled into the ground and miners go underground to extract the ore least environmental damage very dangerous for miners |
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strip mining |
used to mine for shallow resources overburden is scraped away explosives used to loosen rock to expose ore |
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Mountain top removal |
top of mountain is deforested then blown away using explosives ore is scooped out of the mountain overburden dumped into valley streams |
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open pit mining |
massive hole is dug into the ground and expanded until all the ore is extracted |
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Mining Problems |
- habitat destruction - erosion - acid mine drainage - toxic waste (CN, and heavy metals left in tailings) - greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels used in processing and refining metals |
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tailings |
ore left over after the mineral has been extracted contain with Sulfur and heavy metals that contaminate water |
