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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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population |
all the individuals that belong to the same species living in an area |
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population density |
number of individuals in a certain area = population / area |
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random distribution |
individuals randomly scattered throughout habitat trees in a forest are randomly distributed |
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uniform distribution |
individuals spread equally throughout habitat territorial predators use this distribution |
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clumped distribution |
large bunches of individuals are scattered throughout the habitat used to avoid predators |
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intrinsic growth rate (aka biotic potential) |
the maximum possible rate of growth for a species |
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Density Independent Factors |
factors which effect a population REGARDLESS OF THE SIZE OF THE POP ex: hurricane, fire, volcano, climate change |
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Density Dependent Facotrs |
factors which effect populations DIFFERENTLY based ON THE SIZE OF THE POP ex: disease, predation, limiting nutrients, |
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carrying capacity |
the maximum population an environment can sustain based on limited resources |
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exponential growth model |
describes pops growing at exponential rate J-shaped Curve happens in populations at first, but only while they are not limited by disease / predation etc |
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logistical growth model |
describes a population that grows exponentially at first, but slows at it approaches carrying capacity S curve |
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K-selected species |
- Large - Reproductive maturity late in life - few large offspring - provide substantial parental care - populations grow slowly |
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r-selected species |
- Small - Reproductive maturity early - Reproduce often - have lots of offspring - provide little or no parental care - populations grow quickly |
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type 1 survivorship curve - K selected species - live long time and die in old age |
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Type 2 survivorship curve -most living things |
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Type III survivorship curve - r selected species - die quickly |
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human population |
began growing after Neolithic revolution growing exponentially now, but begining to slow |
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR) |
the number of births / 1000 individuals |
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Crude Death Rate (CDR) |
number of deaths / 1000 individuals |
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Population Growth Rate |
= (CBR - CDR) / 10 =% |
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Doubling Time |
years it will take a pop to double = 70 / r |
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR) |
average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime -higher in developing nations -lower in developed nations |
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Replacement Level Fertility |
number of children needed to offset deaths and keep the population stable -higher in developing nations -lower in developed nations |
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Life Expectancy |
average number of years that an average individual can be expected to live - longer in developed nations - shorter in developing nations |
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Infant mortality |
number of children who die before their 1st birthday / 1000 births |
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Child Mortality |
number of deaths under 5 per 1000 births |
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Age Structure Diagram |
aka population pyramid shows the relative size of different age groups in a population wide base = fast growing population narrow base = shrinking population column shaped = stable population |
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fast growing population Stage 2 developing nation |
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Stable population Stage 3 Developed nation |
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Shrinking populaiton Stage 4 Developed Nation |
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Theory of Demographic Transition |
states that the economic and social progress of the industrial revolution affects population growth in 4 stages |
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Stage I |
Pre-Industrial Societies - agrarian - demand for children to work on farms - poor health care and sanitation lead to higher death rates and child mortality - high CBR and high CDR - small stable population |
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Stage II |
Industrializing - improvements in health care and sanitation cause CDR to drop - cultural issues maintain high CBR - population grows rapidly Most environmental destruction |
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Stage III |
Industrial Societies - CDR remains low b/c of medicine and sanitation -CBR drops for the first time for several reasons - women enter workforce and delay childbirth - women have control and access to birth control measures - no longer a demand for children as workers - cost of raising + educating a child rises Population growth stabalizes |
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Stage IV |
Post Industrial Societies - CBR drops below CDR for the first time - population declines |
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Problems from Rapid Population Growth |
Providing more resources for more people means: - habitat loss for farms, homes, mines, roads - increased energy use leading to NOx, SOx, and CO2 emissions - water pollution from lack of infrastructure -unemployment -lack of housing |
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Problems from Declining Populations |
Smaller workforce More burden to provide social services for aging population |
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ecological footprint |
measure of the amount of the Earth's surface needed to provide materials for your lifestyle US = highest developing nations = lowest |
