Microbiology Unit Test 2 (7,8,9,11,12)

Front 1

large nutrients. Major role in cell structure and metabolism (carbohydrates, fats, protein)

Back 1

Macronutrients

Front 2

"Trace elements" smaller. Enzyme function and protein structure (zinc, iron, nickel)

Back 2

Micronutrients

Front 3

Must obtain carbon as source in order to be absorbed by the cell

Back 3

Heterotroph

Front 4

Makes own nutrients from carbon dioxide through photosynthesis

Back 4

Autotroph

Front 5

Use photosynthesis to feed. Sunlight is the energy source

Back 5

Phototroph

Front 6

Obtain energy from chemical compounds

Back 6

chemotrophs

Front 7

Energy comes from sunlight

Back 7

Photoautotroph

Front 8

Breaks down chemical compounds

Back 8

Chemoautotroph

Front 9

Produce methane (archea) Hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide. aerobic

Back 9

Methanogens

Front 10

Rely on inorganic compounds

Back 10

Lithoautotrophs

Front 11

use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as carbon source

Back 11

Chemoorganic Autotrophs

Front 12

Feeds on waste from dead oragnisms

Back 12

Saprobe

Front 13

"Free Living" Gets nutrients from living host cell

Back 13

Parasite

Front 14

"Solvent" From low to high concentration. Movement of water across membrane

Back 14

Osmosis

Front 15

"Solute" form high to low concentration.

Back 15

Diffusion

Front 16

Molecules that move in random motion

Back 16

Simple Diffusion (Passive Transport)

Front 17

Molecules bind to a specific receptor in membrane and carried to the other side

Back 17

Facilitated Difussion(Passive Transport)

Front 18

Molecules are pumped in and out of cell

Back 18

Carrier Mediated (Active Transport)

Front 19

Molecules move across membrane and converted into a useful substance

Back 19

Group Translocation (Active Transport)

Front 20

Measures the amount of microbial growth

Back 20

Turbidometry

Front 21

Counts the number of cells

Back 21

Direct (total) Cell

Front 22

Measures the size of the cell

Back 22

Flow Cytometer

Front 23

All chemical reactions within a cell. small to large macromolecules to utilize energy. Large to small macromolecules to yield ATP

Back 23

Metabolism

Front 24

Build macromolecules

Back 24

Anabolism

Front 25

Break down macromolecules to release energy

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Catabolism

Front 26

Speeds up the reaction of metabolism

Back 26

Enzyme

Front 27

Speeds up the rate of chemical reaction (example: zinc)

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Catalyst

Front 28

Constant amounts

Back 28

Constitutive Enzymes

Front 29

Enzymes that can be induced or repressed

Back 29

Regulated Enzymes

Front 30

Allostearic site. Does not compete with substrate

Back 30

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Front 31

RNA molecules that catalyze reactions on other RNA molecules

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Ribozyme

Front 32

Pure Protein

Back 32

Simple Enzyme

Front 33

Protein portion of enzyme

Back 33

Apoenzyme

Front 34

Non protein. helps substrate bind to active site

Back 34

Cofactor

Front 35

Organic cofactors

Back 35

Coenzyme

Front 36

Active enzyme

Back 36

Apoenzyme and cofactor

Front 37

Haloenzyme

Back 37

Apoenzyme and coenzyme

Front 38

Conjugated enzyme

Back 38

Haloenzyme

Front 39

Most common electon carrier

Back 39

NAD

Front 40

Oxygen is final electron acceptor

Back 40

Aerobic metabolism

Front 41

Inorganic or organic compounds

Back 41

Anaerobic metabolism

Front 42

Compound that is a source of another compound. (Example: Acetyl CoA)

Back 42

Precursor Molecule

Front 43

RNA, DNA, Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA

Back 43

Cellular Building Blocks

Front 44

Series of redox reactions growing during final phase

Back 44

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 45

Adding inorganic phosphate. Stores ATP. Sunlight driven

Back 45

Phosphorylation

Front 46

ATP formed by a transfer of phosphate group

Back 46

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Front 47

Reduce pyruvic acid to lactic acid

Back 47

Homolactic

Front 48

Glucose ferment to mixture of lactic acid

Back 48

Hetrolatic

Front 49

Gaseous Oxygen

Back 49

Aerobe

Front 50

Cannot live without oxygen

Back 50

Obligate Aerobe

Front 51

Can grow with or without oxygen

Back 51

Facultative Anaerobe

Front 52

Will die if exposed to oxygen

Back 52

Anaerobe

Front 53

Uses a small amount of oxygen

Back 53

Microaerophile

Front 54

Oxygen doesnt harm growth

Back 54

Aerotolerant

Front 55

Utilizes oxygen containing ions

Back 55

Anaerobic respiration

Front 56

Free oxygen as final electron acceptor

Back 56

Aerobic respiration

Front 57

Grows best at high CO2

Back 57

Capnophile

Front 58

Lives in High sugar environment

Back 58

Osmophile

Front 59

Lives in high level salt environment

Back 59

Halophile

Front 60

Grows best at high level salt environments

Back 60

Facultative Halophile

Front 61

Serve multiple functions

Back 61

Amphibolism

Front 62

Converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds using energy from the sun

Back 62

Photosynthesis

Front 63

Use energy to synthesize glucose

Back 63

Calvin Cycle

Front 64

Sum total of genetic material

Back 64

Genome

Front 65

Unit of heredity from parent to offspring

Back 65

Gene

Front 66

Genetic Makeup

Back 66

Genotype

Front 67

Expresses the genotype that create structures or functions

Back 67

Phenotype

Front 68

Basic unit of DNA. Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous gas

Back 68

Nucleotide

Front 69

Factor of DNA synthesis and production

Back 69

Leading and lagging strands

Front 70

Incomplete. Said that mutations come from RNA segments instead of genes for proteins

Back 70

Central Dogma

Front 71

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA are involved in

Back 71

Translation

Front 72

Codes for one protein

Back 72

Eukaryotic Transcription

Front 73

Contains information from several genes

Back 73

Bacterial Transcription

Front 74

Study of organisms genes and functions

Back 74

Genomics

Front 75

Study of proteins and functions

Back 75

Proteomics

Front 76

Set of genes that are repressed or induced

Back 76

Operons

Front 77

Allostearic absence of lactose repressor, binds to block transcription

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Repressor Protein

Front 78

Any organism that expresses and contains genes that orignated in another organism

Back 78

Recombinant

Front 79

Genetic transfer from donor to recipient (Direct)

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Conjugation

Front 80

Acceptance from a bacterial cell of small fragments of DNA from surrounding environment

Back 80

Transformation

Front 81

Bacteriophage serve as carrier of DNA from donor to recipient. Must be same species

Back 81

Transduction

Front 82

1920 Freddrick Griffith studied streptococcus pnemoniae

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Transformation

Front 83

Any change in a nucleotide sequence

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Mutation

Front 84

When bases are added or deleted

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Frame shift

Front 85

Fixes ultraviolet damage in Frame shift

Back 85

Photoreactivation

Front 86

Remove incorrect bases

Back 86

Excision

Front 87

Changes normal codon to stop codon

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Nonsense Mutation

Front 88

Alters bases but has no effect

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Silent Mutation

Front 89

Any change to code that replace a different amino acid

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Missense Mutation

Front 90

Free of spores

Back 90

Sterile

Front 91

Kills microbes but not spores or prions

Back 91

Disinfection

Front 92

Removing micorbes on the body (degermination)

Back 92

Antisepsis

Front 93

Lowers micorbial numbers (Sanitization)

Back 93

Decontamination

Front 94

Means to kill

Back 94

Cidial

Front 95

Means to stop growth

Back 95

Static

Front 96

Temps range from 60 to 135 degrees Celsius

Back 96

Moist Heat method

Front 97

Temps range from 160 degrees Celsius and higher

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Dry Heat method

Front 98

Shortest length to kill all test microbes at a certain temp

Back 98

Thermal Death Time

Front 99

Lowest temp to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 min

Back 99

Thermal Death Point

Front 100

Boiling water , pasteurization, nonpressurized steam

Back 100

Moist Heat

Front 101

Incinerator, hot air oven, Bunsen Burner

Back 101

Dry heat

Front 102

Kills some microbes , but some still leak toxic products

Back 102

Cold Treatment

Front 103

Removing moisture from foods, but some microbes can withstand and become dormant

Back 103

Desiccation

Front 104

Highly effective control method

Back 104

Ionizing radiation

Front 105

Not as penetrating

Back 105

Nonionizing radiation

Front 106

Removes microbes from air and fluids, alternative for microbes who die in heat

Back 106

Filtration

Front 107

Adding high volumes of sugar or salt to create a hypertonic environment

Back 107

Osmotic Pressure

Front 108

Florine, Chlorine, bromine, iodine

Back 108

Halogen agents

Front 109

Destroy vegatative microbial forms. Too toxic for antisepsis. Ethyl and isopropyl. 70% is more efficient . More effective with enveloped viruses

Back 109

Alcohol

Front 110

Cleanse wounds. Acts as anitspetic. Helps disinfect surgical equipment

Back 110

Hyrdogen Peroxide

Front 111

Forms water soluble interface. limited microcidal power

Back 111

Surfactant

Front 112

Identifies if bacteria is sensitive to a drug

Back 112

Kirby Bauer Test

Front 113

Examination for growth

Back 113

Tube dilution test

Front 114

Ratio of drugs that are toxic to human

Back 114

Therapeutic Index

Front 115

Drug that kills microbes without harming human host

Back 115

Penicillin

Front 116

Destroys beta lactam ring.

Back 116

Beta lactamases

Front 117

Similar to penicillin

Back 117

Cephalosporins (Cephalosporium acremonium)

Front 118

Target DNA and RNA. Stops DNA transcription

Back 118

Quinolones

Front 119

Bacteria that is resistant to a antibiotic that they produce themselves

Back 119

Intrinsic

Front 120

Bacterial resistance to a drug that they were previously sensitive to

Back 120

Acquired

Front 121

Improve intestinal biota

Back 121

Probiotics

Front 122

Encourage growth of beneficial microbial growth in intestines

Back 122

Prebiotics

Front 123

Penicillin, Vancomycin, isoniazed, cephalosporin

Back 123

Cell Wall Inhibitor

Front 124

narrow spectrum drug, target mycolic wax, mycobacterium

Back 124

Isoniazed

Front 125

broad spectrum drug, few complications

Back 125

Cephalosporin

Front 126

Erythromycin, Streptomycin, tetracycline (70s ribosomes)

Back 126

Protein Synthesizers

Front 127

Sulfonamides, P-amino benzoic acid (PABA)

Back 127

Folic Acid Synthesizers

Front 128

Drug that creates nucleotides

Back 128

P-amino benzoic acid (PABA)